AASHTO T 355-2018 Standard Method of Test for In-Place Density of Asphalt Mixtures by Nuclear Methods.pdf
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1、Standard Method of Test for In-Place Density of Asphalt Mixtures by Nuclear Methods AASHTO Designation: T 355-181Technical Section: 2c, AsphaltAggregate Mixtures Release: Group 3 (August) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Wash
2、ington, D.C. 20001 TS-2c T 355-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for In-Place Density of Asphalt Mixtures by Nuclear Methods AASHTO Designation: T 355-181Technical Section: 2c, AsphaltAggregate Mixtures Release: Group 3 (August) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This test method describes the procedure for determining t
3、he in-place density of asphalt mixtures by use of nuclear gauge. The density of the material is determined by the backscatter/air-gap ratio method. 1.2. DensityThe total density of asphalt mixtures is determined by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source and detector(s) remain on the sur
4、face (backscatter method). 1.2.1. The density in mass per unit volume of the material under test is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data. 1.3. SI Unitsthe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound
5、 equivalents may be approximate. It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. 1.3.1. In the U.S. Cust
6、omary units system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density (lbm/ft3) should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.4. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
7、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6, Hazards. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: T 166,
8、Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens T 191, Density of Soil In-Place by the Sand-Cone Method T 209, Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm) and Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) T 331, Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) and Density of Compacted A
9、sphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Sealing Method 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 355-2 AASHTO 2.2. ASTM Standards: D2216, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination
10、of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass D2937, Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method D7013/D7013M, Standard Guide for Calibration Facility Setup for Nuclear Surface Gauges 3. SIGNIFICANCE 3.1. This test method is useful as a rapid, nondestructive
11、 technique for the determination of the in-place density of asphalt mixtures. 3.2. This test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted asphalt mixtures for construction and for research and development. 3.3. DensityThe fundamental assumptions inherent in the methods are
12、that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material under test is homogeneous. 3.3.1. Test results may be affected by chemical composition, sample heterogeneity, and to a lesser degree, material density and the surface texture of the material being tested. 3.4. The test results
13、 can be used to establish the optimum rolling effort and evaluate the job mix formula for in-place properties. The nondestructive nature allows for repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results. Note 1For in-place density results, correlation with cores is
14、 recommended (see Appendix X1). 4. INTERFERENCES 4.1. In-Place Density Interferences: 4.1.1. The chemical composition of the sample may affect the measurement, and adjustments may be necessary. 4.1.2. The gauge is more sensitive to the density of the material in close proximity to the surface. Note
15、2The nuclear gauge density measurements are somewhat biased to the surface layers of the material being tested. This method is more sensitive to the material within the first several inches from the surface. 4.1.3. Other radioactive sources must not be within 10 m (30 ft) of the gauge in operation.
16、4.1.4. Large objects must be at least 3 m (10 ft) away. 4.1.5. Use the gauge manufacturers correction procedure when the gauge will be closer than 600 mm (24 in.) to any vertical mass, or less than 300 mm (12 in.) from a vertical pavement edge. 5. APPARATUS 5.1. Nuclear Density Gauge (Either Density
17、/Moisture or Density Gauge)While exact details of construction of the gauge may vary, the system shall consist of: 5.1.1. Instruction ManualFor the specific make and model of gauge. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a
18、violation of applicable law.TS-2c T 355-3 AASHTO 5.1.2. Radiation SourceA sealed source of high-energy gamma radiation such as cesium or radium. 5.1.3. Gamma DetectorAny type of gamma detector such as a Geiger-Mueller tube(s). 5.2. Reference StandardA block of material used for checking gauge operat
19、ions, for correcting source decay, and to establish conditions for a reproducible reference count rate. 5.3. Site Preparation DeviceA plate, straightedge, or other suitable leveling tool. 5.4. Transport CaseFor properly shipping and housing the gauge and tools. 5.5. Filler MaterialFine-graded sand f
20、rom the source used to produce the asphalt pavement or other acceptable materials. 5.6. Radioactive materials information and calibration packet containing: 5.6.1. Daily standard count log; 5.6.2. Factory and laboratory calibration data sheet; 5.6.3. Leak test certificate; 5.6.4. Shippers declaratio
21、n for dangerous goods; 5.6.5. Procedure memo for storing, transporting, and handling nuclear testing equipment; and 5.6.6. Other radioactive materials documentation as required by local regulatory requirements. 6. HAZARDS 6.1. The gauge utilizes radioactive materials that may be hazardous to the hea
22、lth of the users unless proper precautions are taken. Users of the gauge must become familiar with applicable safety procedures and government regulations. 6.2. Effective user instructions together with routine safety procedures, such as source leak tests, recording and evaluation of film badge data
23、, etc., are a recommended part of the operation and storage of this gauge. 7. CALIBRATION 7.1. Calibration of the gauge will be in accordance with Annexes A and B (if applicable). (See also ASTM D7013/D7013M.) 8. STANDARDIZATION 8.1. All nuclear density gauges are subject to long-term aging of the r
24、adioactive sources, detectors, and electronic systems, which may change the relationship between count rates and the material density. To offset this aging, gauges are calibrated as a ratio of the measurement count rate to a count rate made on a reference standard or to an air-gap count (for the bac
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