BS PD ISO TS 16976-6-2014 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Psycho-physiological effects《呼吸保护装置 人为因素 生理效应》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards Publication Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 6: Psycho-physiological effects PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 16976-6:2014. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH

2、/4, Respiratory protection. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution

3、 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 82285 8 ICS 13.340.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2014. Amendments/c

4、orrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO 2014 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 6: Psycho-physiological effects Appareils de protection respiratoire Facteurs humains Partie 6: Effets psycho-physiologiques TECHNICAL SPECIFICAT

5、ION ISO/TS 16976-6 First edition 2014-06-01 Reference number ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or uti

6、lized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyri

7、ght office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative r

8、eferences 1 3 T erms and definitions, s ymbols and abbr e viat ed t erms 1 4 S ymbols and abbr e viat ed t erms . 3 5 P s y cho-ph y siological effects influencing user ac c eptanc e of RPD 4 5.1 General . 4 5.2 Physiological responses to wearing RPD and impact on performance of work . 4 5.3 Subject

9、ive feelings of discomfort. 5 5.4 Psychological responses to RPD wear 7 5.5 Objective measures of psycho-physiological effects . 8 5.6 Selection criteria for potential RPD wearer . 9 5.7 Impact of the psychological and physiological responses 10 Bibliogr aph y .11 PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976

10、-6:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject fo

11、r which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on

12、all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted.

13、 This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying an

14、y or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of u

15、sers and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Suppleme

16、ntary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 94, Personal safety Protective clothing and equipment, Subcommittee SC 15, Respiratory protective devices. ISO/TS 16976 consists of the following parts, under the general title Respiratory protective devices Human factors: Part

17、1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates Part 2: Anthropometrics Part 3: Physiological responses and limitations of oxygen and limitations of carbon dioxide in the breathing environment Part 4: Work of breathing and breathing resistance: Physiologically based limits Part 5: Thermal effects Part

18、 6: Psycho-physiological effects Part 7: Hearing and speech Part 8: Ergonomic factorsiv ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) Introduction This part of ISO/TS 16976 addresses the psychological factors that can trigger physiological effects (psycho-physiology effe

19、cts) that contribute to user acceptance, or the ability to tolerate wearing respiratory protective devices (RPD) for the duration needed. This part of ISO/TS 16976 takes the position that the psychological state has a physiological correlate (e.g. anxiety is accompanied by an increase in heart rate)

20、 and that the physiological responses to wearing an RPD have an impact on the psychology of the wearer (e.g. difficulty in breathing will result in anxiety). The following sections focuses on a separate psycho-physiological situation that can impact user acceptance or contribute to the likelihood of

21、 the wearer removing the RPD prematurely and, thus, being exposed to a respiratory hazard. The physiological responses to wearing an RPD is addressed first followed by a discussion on the psychological responses to wearing RPD. The discussion then turns to the methodologies used to measure the psych

22、o-physiological responses and how these measurements are used to predict whether an individual will have difficulty wearing an RPD. Finally, this part of ISO/TS 16976 addresses the selection criteria that can be used to determine who is best suited to engage in an occupation requiring the use of RPD

23、. The following definitions apply in understanding how to implement an ISO International Standard and other normative ISO deliverables (TS, PAS, IWA). “shall” indicates a requirement. “should” indicates a recommendation. “may” is used to indicate that something is permitted. “can” is used to indicat

24、e that something is possible, for example, that an organization or individual is able to do something. 3.3.1 of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (sixth edition, 2011) defines a requirement as an “expression in the content of a document conveying criteria to be fulfilled if compliance with the document

25、 is to be claimed and from which no deviation is permitted.” 3.3.2 of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (sixth edition, 2011) defines a recommendation as an “expression in the content of a document conveying that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentionin

26、g or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required, or that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is deprecated but not prohibited.” ISO 2014 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 Respiratory protective devices Human

27、factors Part 6: Psycho-physiological effects 1 Scope This part of ISO/TS 16976 provides information on the psycho-physiological effects related to the wearing of respiratory protective devices (RPD) and it is intended for the preparation of standards for selection and use of RPD. It specifies for th

28、e writers of RPD standards, principles relating to the interaction between RPD and the human physiological and psychological perception, the acceptance by the wearer, and the need for training to improve acceptance of the RPD by the wearer. This part of ISO/TS 16976 does not cover requirements relat

29、ed to the specific hazard for which the RPD is designed. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the lates

30、t edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 16972, Re s pir at or y pr ot e c t i ve de v ic e s Ter m s , def init ion s , gr aphic al s y mb ol s and unit s of me a s ur ement 3 T erms a nd definiti ons, s ymbols and abb r e viat ed t erms For the purposes of this

31、document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16972 and the following apply. 3.1 aetiopathology cause of the pathological state or disorder, pathogenesis 3.2 anxiety state of being uneasy, apprehensive, or worried about what might happen, misgiving 3.3 BP arterial blood pressure (mmHg) 3.4 cardia

32、c arrhythmia variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat 3.5 c l au s t r ophobi a abnormal fear or dread of being in an enclosed or confined space TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1 PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) 3.6 dysphoria sensati

33、on of disquiet, restlessness, or malaise 3.7 dyspnoea sense of air hunger, difficult or laboured breathing, or a sense of breathlessness 3.8 HR heart rate (beatsmin -1 ) 3.9 hypercapnia excess amount of CO 2in the blood 3.10 hyperventilation increase in overall respiration resulting from an increase

34、 in both the depth and frequency of breathing Note 1 to entry: This can be voluntary or result from an increase in activity, fear, or breathing excess carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). 3.11 hypoxia volume fraction or partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing atmosphere below that found in the atmosphere at

35、sea level 3.12 m et a bo l i s m / m et a bo l i c r a t e energy produced in human cells by aerobic or anaerobic processes 3.13 minute ventilation V E total volume of air inspired (or expired) in the lungs during 1 min, in Lmin -1(BTPS) 3.14 paresthesia abnormal sensation without objective cause su

36、ch as numbness, prickling, and tingling; heightened sensitivity 3.15 psycho-physical effect pertains to the mind and its relation to physical manifestations 3.16 psycho-physiological effect psychological trait(s) and responses to a given situation which can provoke a physiological response and the p

37、hysiological responses to a given situation which can provoke a psychological reaction 3.17 RR respiratory rate (breathsmin 1 ) 3.18 SaO 2 degree of saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen in arterial blood (expressed as a % of total saturation)2 ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO

38、/TS 16976-6:2014(E) 3.19 stereoacuity visual clarity in three dimensions 3.20 tachycardia increased heart rate due to exercise, pain, anxiety, or pathophysiological state 3.21 tcCO 2 measured transcutaneous carbon dioxide Note 1 to entry: The level of carbon dioxide in tissue vasculature, as measure

39、d by a transcutaneous CO 2detector attached to the earlobe. 3.22 phobi a any persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the feared stimulus 3.23 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory psychological assessment tool used to determine

40、 the presence and type of anxiety in an individual and is used to differentiate between situational anxiety (state anxiety) and chronic feelings of anxiety as part of the overall personality structure (trait anxiety) 4 S ymbols and abbr e viat ed t erms RPD respiratory protective device V E minute v

41、entilation BP blood pressure STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory FFR filtering facepiece respirator HR heart rate RR respiratory rate SaO 2 arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome WoB work of breathing Pa pascal SCBA self-contained breathing apparatus T sk skin tempe

42、rature SA state anxiety TA trait anxiety IDLH immediately dangerous to life and health ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 PD ISO/TS 16976-6:2014 ISO/TS 16976-6:2014(E) V rate of oxygen consumption during breathing V rate of carbon dioxide production during breathing 5 P s y cho-ph y siologic al effects

43、influencing user ac c eptanc e of RPD 5.1 General Many occupations require workers to wear RPD to protect them from hazardous atmospheres. However, a small but significant fraction of the workers find it difficult or even impossible to wear RPD for longer than a few minutes. This might be due to the

44、 physical discomfort of a poorly fitting RPD or due to dangerous situations under extreme circumstances or might be due to the particular psychological traits of the wearers personality. Wearing an RPD provokes physiological responses in essentially all wearers and it appears to be the psychological

45、 response to the physiological sensations (air hunger, heat, narrowing of the visual field) that might provoke a psychological reaction that renders the individual incapable of wearing the RPD. The following sections address first the physiological responses to wearing RPD and the potential psycholo

46、gical reactions to those physiological responses. 5.2 Physiological responses to wearing RPD and impact on performance of work The simple act of donning an RPD can elicit a number of psychological responses that can be independent of the environment in which the RPD is used. Wearing an RPD can alter

47、 the concentration of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the breathing space that, if of sufficient magnitude, significantly affect gross respiratory function (e.g. increase or decrease in minute ventilation). In addition, wearing an RPD is associated with changes in cardiovascular function

48、 in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation, reduction in physical performance, work of breathing, changes in V E(e.g. dyspnoea) as a result of increased resistance to airflow, and sensation of heat. In most, if not all people, there will be a psychological response to the physiological s

49、ensations that are experienced by the wearer of the RPD. The psychological responses will determine the degree of wearer acceptance of the RPD and compliance with the requirements of RPD necessary in providing an appropriate level of protection. Each of the physiological responses is discussed in the following paragraphs. 5.2.1 Oxygen (O 2 ) and car bon dio xide (C O 2 ) in the br eathing spac e The physiological responses to O 2and CO 2in the breathing space have already been addres