互动:人际纯理功能.ppt
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1、Interacting: the interpersonal metafunction,4.1 Introduction,Its known that the main purpose of communicating is to interact with other people: to establish and manintain appropriate social links with them.Here, we will be looking at some of the most important lexico-grammatical systems which we rel
2、y on to express our messages in such a way that our hearers have a good chance of understanding why we are saying something to them.,4.2 Roles of addressers and audience,The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are, of course, giving (and taking) or demanding (and being given) a commodity of so
3、me kind.,4.3 Mood,The structure of the Mood Idenfying subject and finite Meanings of subject and finite Mood in clauses The residue Modal Adjuncts,The Structure of the Mood,According to Halliday, the clause can be divided into two parts: mood and residue.The mood consists of two parts: subject and f
4、inite.,Idenfying Subject and Finite,Subject: The Subject is a familiar term from traditional grammar, although it should be remembered that here it is being reinterpreted in functional terms. Finite: the first functional element of the verbal group. express tense: be, have, do, be as the marker of p
5、assive voice express modality: can, may, could, might, must, should to, ought to,Examples,1. Some may have heard the shot. You can imagine her reaction. 2. by adding a tag question,Examples,3. It and there as subject 4. the nominal group as subjecte.g.The loss of his fathers fortune and his fathers
6、subsequent death, along with the general decline in the familys circumstances, decrease the number of servents in the household dont they?,Examples,5.it and the embedded clause both as subjectIn general, however, it is best to modernize only the spelling.It has been found that a significant number o
7、f children turn up at school being able to read.It was Grice who spoke next.It is this latter question which is often ignored.,Meanings of subject and finite,The subject is the entity on which the validity of the clause rests. The basic function of the Finite is to orient the listener towards the ki
8、nd of validity being claimed for the proposition, by relating it either to the here-and-now reality of the speech event or to the speakers attitude towards the proposition. Either of these options may be expressed in positive or negative terms.,Meanings of subject and finite,The importance and the r
9、elative detachability of the Mood within the meaning of the clause in English is shown by the fact that it can be used as a counter for the whole proposition in responses (No, she wasnt), demands for acceptance of validity through tags (wasnt she?), and so on. In interpersonal terms, the Mood is the
10、 core of the exchange: the rest of the clause merely fills in the details.,Mood in declarative clauses,Subject-Finite relationship: Subject Finite Meaning/function: to state (to give information),In yes/no interrogative clauses,Subject-Finite relationship: Finite Subject Meaning/function: polar ques
11、tion. It is primarily the polarity of the message that the speaker wants the listener to specify.,In WH-interrogative with known Subject,Subject-Finite relationship: Finite Subject Meaning/function: content question. The primary purpose is to demand that the listener fill in the missing part of the
12、message, and the WH-element signals which part is missing.,In WH-interrogative with WH-elements as Subject,Subject-Finite relationship: Subject Finite Meaning/function: content question. The missing message is WH-subject.,In Exclamative Clauses,Subject-Finite relationship: Subject Finite Meaning/fun
13、ction: to state (to give information). But the information given is a kind of strong emotions, like anger, surprise, joy etc. Exclamatives are included as a sub-type of declaratives,In Imperative Clause,Lets is interpreted as a wayward form of the Subject you and I. S-F relationship: no S or F, S on
14、ly or F only, F S. Meaning/function: it demands goods and services. A command is absolute and not open to negotiation.,The Residue,Predicator Complement Adjunct,Predicator,Predicator: the part of the verbal group that is not the mood Functions of Predicator: 1)to express the process2)to specify seco
15、ndary tense3)to specify various other aspects of the process4)to specify the voice,Functions of Predicator,The Predicator expresses the process - the action, happening, state, etc, in which the Subject is involved. e.g. Tom kissed Mary. 2) The predicator specifies secondary tense, that is, time refe
16、rence other than the immediate link to the time of speaking. e.g. Oh, well have finished by six oclock for sure.,Functions of Predicator,3) The Predicator specifies various other aspects of the process, such as starting, trying, achieving or continuing the process. e.g. He has managed to charge visi
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