专业英语四级-254及答案解析.doc

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1、专业英语四级-254及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Aexpectation Bunprecedented Clittle Depidemics Ehowever Fexpectancy Gtrapped Hdecimated Idesperately Jpessimism Kdeclined Lfast Moptimism Ntherefore Oexpect to The census of 1851 recorded half of the population of Britain as living in town

2、sthe first society in human history to do so. Over the previous 70 years, the population of Britain had risen at an 1 rate, passing the levels reached in earlier period of growth when the population had been 2 by epidemics such as the Black Death. But was there any reason for 3 ? The towns offered a

3、 better chance of work and higher wages than the countryside, where many families were 4 in dire poverty and seasonal employment. On the other hand, the countryside was healthier. A baby born in a large town with a population of more than 100,000 in the 1820s might 5 live to 35; in the 1830s, life e

4、xpectancy was down to a miserable 29. A comparison between a 6 unhealthy large town and a small market town shows the costs of migrating in search of work and prosperity. In 1851, a boy born in inner Liverpool had a life 7 of only 26 years, compared with a boy born in the small market town of Okeham

5、pton, who could expect to live to 57. Large towns were, 8 , desperately unhealthy, with death from sickness at a level not seen since the Black Death. New 9 were stalking the cities: cholera and typhoid were carried by polluted water; typhus was spread by lice; and summer diarrhoea was caused by swa

6、rms of flies feeding on horse manure and human waste. The problem was easy to identify and difficult to solve: too 10 was invested in the urban environment, in sewers, street paving and cleansing, and in pure water and decent housing.（分数：25.00）Awithin Bintegrated Cin terms of Dfundamental Einfluence

7、d Fportfolios Gquickly Hinstitutional Idominant Jweighed Kmotion Lpamphlet Mbetween Nimmediately Oemphasized Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 11 . As was discussed befo

8、re, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the 12 pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the 13 and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railways and leadi

9、ng on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and 14 pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in perspective. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th cent

10、ury, followed by the invention of the 15 circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not 16 apparent. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became personal too, as well as 17 , with display becoming sharper and storage

11、 capacity increasing. They were thought of, like people, 18 generations, with the distance between generations much smaller. It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has 19

12、 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. Benefits have been 20 against harmful outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.（分数：25.00）Aarchitecture Bdwel

13、ler Cresident Dfurther Einland Fislands Ginitial Hundeveloped Inearby Jresided with Kunwanted Larchitectural Mpaying Nprimitive Ovoluntary Since 1895 the National Trust has worked for the preservation of places of historic interest and natural beauty in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Today the

14、 Trust which is not a government department but a charity depending on the 21 support of the public and its own membersis the largest landowner and conservation society in Britain. Wherever you go, you are close to land that is protected and watched by the National Trust. Over 350 miles of 22 land,

15、Jakes and forests in one area of natural beauty 23 ; prehistoric and Roman ruins; moorlands and farmland, woods and 24 ; lengths of inland waterways; even seventeen whole villagesall are open to the public at all times subject only to the needs of farming, forestry and the protection of wildlife. Bu

16、t the Trusts protection develops 25 than this. It has in its possession a hundred gardens and some two hundred historic buildings which it opens to 26 visitors. Castles and churches, houses of 27 or historic importance, mills, gardens and parks have been given to the Trust by their former owners. Ma

17、ny houses retain their 28 contents of fine furniture, pictures, and other treasures accumulated over generations, and often the donor himself continues to live in part of the house as a 29 of the National Trust. The walking-sticks in the hall, the flowers, silver-framed photographs, books and papers

18、 in the rooms are signs that the house is still loved and 30 and that visitors are welcomed as private individuals just as much as tourists.（分数：25.00）Aeffortlessly Balterations Cappraisal Dpresented Eeasy Fassume Grelation Hvarious Ipresume Jattempt to Kthat Lvariations Mwhat Nproperty Oaim to Statu

19、ses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. In our everyday lives, we mentally 31 place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether th

20、e telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our 32 is a thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we 33 often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that 34 situations require. M

21、uch of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in 35 to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of 36 and interpretation. Although some of us find

22、 the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather 37 . A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose fro

23、m among the clothing 38 by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice within these limits, we can have certain 39 made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to 40 the stores have on their racks. Statu

24、ses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.（分数：25.00）专业英语四级-254答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Aexpectation Bunprecedented Clittle Depidemics Ehowever Fexpectancy Gtrapped Hdecimated Idesperately Jpessimism Kdeclined Lfast Moptimism Ntherefore Oexpect to

25、 The census of 1851 recorded half of the population of Britain as living in townsthe first society in human history to do so. Over the previous 70 years, the population of Britain had risen at an 1 rate, passing the levels reached in earlier period of growth when the population had been 2 by epidemi

26、cs such as the Black Death. But was there any reason for 3 ? The towns offered a better chance of work and higher wages than the countryside, where many families were 4 in dire poverty and seasonal employment. On the other hand, the countryside was healthier. A baby born in a large town with a popul

27、ation of more than 100,000 in the 1820s might 5 live to 35; in the 1830s, life expectancy was down to a miserable 29. A comparison between a 6 unhealthy large town and a small market town shows the costs of migrating in search of work and prosperity. In 1851, a boy born in inner Liverpool had a life

28、 7 of only 26 years, compared with a boy born in the small market town of Okehampton, who could expect to live to 57. Large towns were, 8 , desperately unhealthy, with death from sickness at a level not seen since the Black Death. New 9 were stalking the cities: cholera and typhoid were carried by p

29、olluted water; typhus was spread by lice; and summer diarrhoea was caused by swarms of flies feeding on horse manure and human waste. The problem was easy to identify and difficult to solve: too 10 was invested in the urban environment, in sewers, street paving and cleansing, and in pure water and d

30、ecent housing.（分数：25.00）解析：B 考点 考查形容词。 根据空格所在短语at an -|_|- rate可知，此处应填入一个形容词，用以修饰rate，表示“以的速度”。根据上下文推测，该处想表达的是：在之前的70年里，英国人口的发展速度“很快”，B项unprecedented“史无前例的”和L项fast“迅速的”都符合句意，但根据空格前的an可知只有unprecedented符合语法要求，故为正确答案。解析：H 考点 考查动词。 根据空格所在的从句when.had been -|_|- by.可知，该处应填入动词的过去分词形式。根据句意：那时欧洲一些诸如黑死病这样的流行病

31、的蔓延，导致人口 -|_|-，根据实际情况可知此处人口数量应该是骤然减少，可排除G项trapped“受困”，符合句意的选项为H项decimated“大幅度下降”和K项declined“下降”，文中强调人口骤减，排除K，因此答案选H。解析：M 考点 考查名词。 文章第一段说的是英国城镇人口的比例高，而且总人口增长快；第二段开头肯定了城镇里的工作和经济条件较好，再用On the other hand转入对城市人均寿命低的描述。由逻辑衔接可以判断，作者对城市人口增长这种现象并不是持肯定态度的，故句意应为“然而我们就有理由乐观了吗?”M项optimism意为“乐观”，J项pessimism意为“悲观”

32、，所以本题答案选M。解析：G 考点 考查动词。 空格所在的从句句意为“很多家庭 -|_|-极端贫困和季节性就业”，根据空格所在结构可知此处应填动词的被动形式，而符合条件的选项中只剩下K项declined“下降”和G项trapped“陷入”，根据句意推断，该处应填G项trapped，表示很多农村家庭“陷入”极度贫困。解析：O 考点 考查动词。 根据上下文可知空格所在句意为“19世纪20年代，在超过十万人口的大城市出生的婴儿的寿命预计达到35岁。”might为情态动词，后面应接动词原形，故只有O项expect to“预计，预期”符合题意。解析：I 考点 考查副词。 由空格后的形容词unhealth

33、y可知空格处要填副词来进行修饰，而选项中只有C项little“很少”、L项fast“快速地；紧紧地”和I项desperately“极度地；拼命地”可作副词，该句意为“一个 -|_|-不健康的大城市与一个集市小镇的对比”。little和fast与unhealthy搭配不当，只有desperately能修饰unhealthy，表示“极度不健康的大城市”。解析：F 考点 考查名词。 空格前是名词life，空格后是介词of，因此此处应填入一个名词，根据compared with可知，a life -|_|-of only 26 years应该对应的是expect to live to 57。因此选F项

34、expectancy“期望；期望值”。life expectancy为固定表达，意为“预期寿命，平均寿命”。解析：N 考点 考查连词 第二段中作者用儿童的预期寿命证明了乡村的生活更加健康，这就说明大城镇是相对不健康的，此处应是第三段首句的句意，其作用是一种总结式的过渡，所以此处应填therefore，意为“因此，所以”。E项however表示转折，不符合上下文逻辑。解析：D 考点 考查名词。 根据下文的cholera and typhoid(霍乱和伤寒)，typhus(斑疹伤寒症)，summer diarrhoea(夏季腹泻)可知，前文所表达的意思应为“新的流行病在城市肆虐”，而选项中只有D项

35、epidemics“传染病，流行病”符合题意。解析：C 考点 考查形容词。 空格所在句意为“这个问题不难发现，但解决起来很难，原因就是对城市环境投入得太 -|_|-”，too为副词，修饰形容词，所以所填词应为一个表示投资力度的形容词，因此C项little“很少的”符合题意。Awithin Bintegrated Cin terms of Dfundamental Einfluenced Fportfolios Gquickly Hinstitutional Idominant Jweighed Kmotion Lpamphlet Mbetween Nimmediately Oemphasize

36、d Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 11 . As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the 12 pre-electronic medium, following in

37、the wake of the 13 and the book and in the company of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railways and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and 14 pictures into the 20th century world of the motor

38、 car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in perspective. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the 15 circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although

39、its impact on the media was not 16 apparent. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became personal too, as well as 17 , with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing. They were thought of, like people, 18 generations, with the distance between generati

40、ons much smaller. It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. The communications revolution has 19 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been controversi

41、al views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. Benefits have been 20 against harmful outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.（分数：25.00）解析：M 考点 考查副词。 第一句中提到人们总是拿20世纪兴起的电视与15、16世纪时的印刷术的传播相比较，Yet则提示前后两句是转折关系，第二句意为“然而，在 -|_|-发生了很多事情”，由此可知此处指的是在电视与印刷术之间，还有许多其他的发展阶段，

42、所以可以确定本题答案为M项between“在中间”，排除A项within“在内部，在里面”。解析：I 考点 考查形容词。 空格所在句意为“直到19世纪，报纸才成为前电子媒介时期一种 -|_|-的媒介”，此处应该填一个形容词，修饰medium。根据上下文语境，此处表达的是：报纸成了“主流媒介”，而选项中的形容词B项integrated“综合的；完整的”、D项fundamental“基本的，根本的”、H项institutional“机构性的”均不符合题意，故选I项dominant“主导的，主流的”。解析：L 考点 考查名词。 由短语in the wake of the -|_|- and the

43、book可知，空格处应填一个与book意思相近的名词，根据句意F项portfolios“作品集”和L项pamphlet“小册子”均符合要求，此处的名词与the book是并列关系，故只能为名词的单数形式，所以选L项pamphlet。解析：K 考点 考查名词。 本句句意为“19世纪通信革命的发展，从交通运输和铁路开始，一直发展到电报、电话、广播和 -|_|-，再到20世纪的汽车和飞机。”该空格处所填词应和picture构成一个名词短语，综观选项，只有K项motion“动作；移动”才能与其搭配构成短语motion picture“电影”，故选K。解析：B 考点 考查形容词。 第一段提到19世纪通信

44、革命的发展，从交通运输和铁路开始，一直发展到电报、电话、广播和电影，而第二段根据常识可知在20世纪初期发明电脑之后，60年代重大的发明是“集成电路”，只有B项integrated“集成的；整体的”能与空格后的circuit构成搭配，integrated circuit即“集成电路”，故选B。解析：N 考点 考查副词。 根据前文引导让步状语从句的although得知前后为转折关系，可推测该句句意为“尽管它对媒介的影响并不是立竿见影的”。此处应该填一个副词来修饰形容词apparent，选项中只有G项quickly“迅速地”和N项immediately“立即地；直接地”为副词，immediately

45、修饰apparent表示效果立竽见影，故选N。解析：H 考点 考查形容词。 as well as是常用的连接短语，连接两个对等的成分，故此处所填词应与personal意义相对，个人与组织相对，选项中只有H项institutional符合，意为“机构性的，团体性的”。D项fundamental意为“根本的”，此处是指“电脑不仅越来越多地被应用于团体机构中，也越来越多地为个人所拥有”，故排除D，正确答案为H。解析：C 考点 考查介词。短语。 根据上下文可推测本句要表达的意思是：就像描述人一样，电脑也是用“代”来描述的，故选C项in terms of，意为“按照，从方面来讲”。解析：E 考点 考查动

46、词。 原句要表达的意思是“通信革命对于人们工作、休闲以及思考和感受时空的方式都产生了 -|_|-”，根据语法结构可判断has后要用完成时，故空格处应填动词的过去分词，E项influenced“影响”、J项weighed“权衡”、O项emphasized“强调”都是动词的过去分词，结合句意可知，只有E项符合题意。解析：J 考点 考查动词。 根据空格前后的Benefits(利)和harmful outcomes(弊)间的对立关系，可推断此处表示“将利和弊权衡考虑”。能够体现这种强调关系的，只有J项weighed“权衡”和O项emphasized“强调”，而weigh.against.常搭配使用，意

47、为“将与权衡或掂量”。故答案为J。Aarchitecture Bdweller Cresident Dfurther Einland Fislands Ginitial Hundeveloped Inearby Jresided with Kunwanted Larchitectural Mpaying Nprimitive Ovoluntary Since 1895 the National Trust has worked for the preservation of places of historic interest and natural beauty in England, W

48、ales and Northern Ireland. Today the Trust which is not a government department but a charity depending on the 21 support of the public and its own membersis the largest landowner and conservation society in Britain. Wherever you go, you are close to land that is protected and watched by the National Trust. Over 350 miles of 22 land, Jakes and fore