专业八级-299及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-299 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Water projects in the United States gained a new rationale in the 1930s as the nation suffered its worst economic depression and the Great Plains region suffered its worst drought in recording 1 history. As the economy sank into a

2、deep depression and employment rates increased, the political climate for direct federal 2 government involvement in water projects improved. President Franklin Roosevelt“s first 100 days in the office brought a number of 3 new laws to deal the severe economic depression that became known 4 as the G

3、reat Depression. Two of these laws, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 and the National Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), had particular significant for water resource development. 5 The natural pattern of the Tennessee River was characterized by large spring flows produced destructive floods and

4、 low summer 6 flows that inhibited navigation. The intensity and frequency of the events discouraged development and contributed toward persistent 7 poverty in the valley. To counter these natural obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a p

5、ublic agent with broad powers to 8 promote development in the region, including the authority to build dams and reservoirs and to generate and sell hydroelectric power. The TVA is a unique institution on that it brings all the water-related 9 functions of the federal government under a single body.

6、The TVA used its authority to transform the Tennessee River into one of the more highly regulated rivers in the world within about two decades. 10 The TVA inherited the Wilson Dam, and by the beginning of the Second World War it had completed six additional multipurpose dams with power plants and lo

7、cks for navigation.（分数：25.00）All people have some ability to manage their health and the health of those they care for. Meanwhile, with the increasing 11 complexity of health information and health care settings, most people need additional information, skills, and supportive relationships to follow

8、 their health needs. 12 Disparities in access to health information, services, and technology can result in low usage rates of preventive services, less 13 knowledge of chronic disease management, higher rates of hospitalization, and poorer reporting health status. 14 Both public and private institu

9、tions are increasingly using the Internet and the other technologies to streamline the delivery of 15 health information and services. This results in even greater need for 16 health professionals to develop additional skills in the understanding and use of consumer health information. The increase

10、in online health information and services challenge users with limited literacy skills or limited experience 17 using the Internet. For many of these users, the Internet is stressful and overwhelmingeven accessible. Many of this stress can be 18 reduced through the application of evidence-based best

11、 practices in user-centered design. In addition, despite increased access to technology, other forms of communication are essential to ensure that everyone, 19 including non-Web users, is able to obtain, process, and understand health information to make good healthy decisions. 20 These include prin

12、ted materials, media campaigns, community outreach, and interpersonal communication.（分数：25.00）It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is, he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of a society that i

13、s certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions. 21 Eliminate society and it is every reason to believe that he will 22 learn to walk, and, indeed, he will survive at all. But it is just as certain as that he will never learn to talk, that is, to 23 communicate ideas according to the

14、tradition system of a 24 particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly alien one. He will develop the art of walking in his new environment very much as he will have 25 developed it in the old. But his

15、 speech will completely at variance 26 with the speech of his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that varies only within circumscribed limits as we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is voluntary 27 and purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies

16、without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group, because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the product of 28 long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do the religions, the belief

17、s, the customs, and the arts of different people. 29 Walking is an organic, an instinctive function (not, of course, itself an instinct); speech is a non-instinctive, acquiring, 30 “cultural“ function.（分数：25.00）Humans are thought to be responsible for a large number of environmental problems, rangin

18、g from global warming to ozone depletion. That is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect 31 humans are having on the animals and plants of the planet. Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct each year. If this takes on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to 32 be pr

19、ofound. All species depend in some way each other to survive. 33 If you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on effects on the ecosystem. However, if you lose a key species, you 34 might cause a whole flood of other extinction

20、s. The most complicating matter is the fact in that there is no 35 obvious solution to the problem. Unlike global warming and ozone depletionwhich, if the political will is there, could be reduced by 36 cutting gas emissionspreserving bio-diversity remains an intractable problem. The late idea is “s

21、ustainable management“, which involves 37 using any species for human beings“ benefit, provide enough 38 individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence. Sustainable management is seen as a practical and economic way of protecting species from extinction. Instead of 39 d

22、epending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are su

23、spicious that the money will actually reach people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective 40 the locals will be at stopping illegal hunters.（分数：25.00）专业八级-299 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Water projects in the United States gained a new rationale in the 1930s a

24、s the nation suffered its worst economic depression and the Great Plains region suffered its worst drought in recording 1 history. As the economy sank into a deep depression and employment rates increased, the political climate for direct federal 2 government involvement in water projects improved.

25、President Franklin Roosevelt“s first 100 days in the office brought a number of 3 new laws to deal the severe economic depression that became known 4 as the Great Depression. Two of these laws, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 and the National Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA), had particular si

26、gnificant for water resource development. 5 The natural pattern of the Tennessee River was characterized by large spring flows produced destructive floods and low summer 6 flows that inhibited navigation. The intensity and frequency of the events discouraged development and contributed toward persis

27、tent 7 poverty in the valley. To counter these natural obstacles, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public agent with broad powers to 8 promote development in the region, including the authority to build dams and reservoirs and to generate and

28、 sell hydroelectric power. The TVA is a unique institution on that it brings all the water-related 9 functions of the federal government under a single body. The TVA used its authority to transform the Tennessee River into one of the more highly regulated rivers in the world within about two decades

29、. 10 The TVA inherited the Wilson Dam, and by the beginning of the Second World War it had completed six additional multipurpose dams with power plants and locks for navigation.（分数：25.00）解析：recordingrecorded解析 非谓语动词误用。这里 record修饰 history，两者之间是动宾关系，应该使用过去分词表示被动，即“被记录的历史”。解析：employmentunemployment解析 语

30、义错误。经济大萧条时期肯定是失业率上升，而不是就业率上升，因此应该使用 unemployment。解析：the the 解析 冠词冗余。固定搭配 in office表示“执政”，不能加定冠词 the。解析：dealwith解析 固定搭配中的介词缺失。deal with 是固定搭配，表示“处理”。解析：significantsignificance解析 词性混用。significant 是形容词，这里说的是“两个法案对于水资源发展具有重要的意义”，需要的是名词 significance作 had的宾语。解析：producedproducing解析 非谓语动词误用。spring flows 与 p

31、roduce不是动宾关系，而是主谓关系，所以将其改为 producing作定语修饰 spring flows，producing 在此表示“引发，导致”。解析：towardto解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。contribute to 是固定搭配，表示“促使的形成”，这里是说“这种水量的分布不均限制了发展，导致这个山谷长期处于贫困状态。”解析：agentagency解析 形近词误用。agent 表示“代理人”，而 agency表示“代理机构”，这里说“Tennessee Valley Authority 是一个公共机构”，因此使用 agency。解析：onin解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。that

32、前后均是完整的句子，不缺成分，且前后两句话构成逻辑上的因果关系，故推知此处需要一个表因果的连词。in that 有连词功能，表示“因为”。解析：moremost解析 比较级错误。此处应该使用“one of the+最高级”的形式，表示“最的之一”，这里是说“田纳西谷委员会把田纳西河治理成了世界上最规范的河流之一”。All people have some ability to manage their health and the health of those they care for. Meanwhile, with the increasing 11 complexity of hea

33、lth information and health care settings, most people need additional information, skills, and supportive relationships to follow their health needs. 12 Disparities in access to health information, services, and technology can result in low usage rates of preventive services, less 13 knowledge of ch

34、ronic disease management, higher rates of hospitalization, and poorer reporting health status. 14 Both public and private institutions are increasingly using the Internet and the other technologies to streamline the delivery of 15 health information and services. This results in even greater need fo

35、r 16 health professionals to develop additional skills in the understanding and use of consumer health information. The increase in online health information and services challenge users with limited literacy skills or limited experience 17 using the Internet. For many of these users, the Internet i

36、s stressful and overwhelmingeven accessible. Many of this stress can be 18 reduced through the application of evidence-based best practices in user-centered design. In addition, despite increased access to technology, other forms of communication are essential to ensure that everyone, 19 including n

37、on-Web users, is able to obtain, process, and understand health information to make good healthy decisions. 20 These include printed materials, media campaigns, community outreach, and interpersonal communication.（分数：25.00）解析：MeanwhileHowever解析 衔接副词误用。上文提到，“每个人都有一定的能力去管理自己的健康”，而下文中则说，“大部分人仍然需要额外的信息和

38、技能来满足他们的健康需求”。上下文之间的逻辑关系为转折，故将 Meanwhile改为 However。解析：followmeet解析 固定搭配错误。meet needs 的意思是“满足需求”，为固定搭配，故将follow改为 meet。解析：lowlower解析 形容词比较级错误。由于后文中出现了多处形容词比较级形式，如 less knowledge of chronic disease management，higher rates of hospitalization，and.根据一致性原则，该处应使用形容词比较级形式，故将 low改为 lower。解析：reportingreported

39、解析 非谓语动词误用。report 和 health status之间是动宾关系，故应该用过去分词形式表被动，将 reporting改为 reported。解析：第一个 the the 解析 冠词冗余。other technologies 的意思是“其他技术”，other 表示“其他的”。the other 表示“(在一定范围内)其他的”，与该处语境不符，故将定冠词 the去掉。解析：evenan解析 冠词缺失。results in 的宾语为 need，为可数名词单数形式，且在这里泛指“对于健康方面的一个更大的需求”，因此前面需要加不定冠词，而 even是以元音音素开头的，故在even前加 a

40、n。解析：challengechallenges解析 主谓不一致。该句的主语 The increase为单数形式，表示单数意义，故谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式，将 challenge改为 challenges。解析：accessibleinaccessible解析 语义错误。accessible 的意思是“易接近的，可得到的”，而根据上文中的 the Internet is stressful and overwhelming可推知，此处表达的是否定含义，故应将accessible改为 inaccessible“不易接近的，得不到的”。解析：ensureensuring解析 动词形式错误。

41、are essential to 的意思是“对于是必不可少的”，在这里 to为介词，而非不定式符号，后面应使用动名词形式，故将 ensure改为 ensuring。解析：healthyhealth解析 词性混用。形容词 healthy表示“健康的，合理的”，而名词 health却经常放在名词前作定语，表达“与健康有关的”之意，如 health care，health club 等，故将 healthy改为 health。It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but

42、that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is, he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of a society that is certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions. 21 Eliminate society and it is every reason to believe that he will 22 learn to walk, and, indeed, he will survive at

43、all. But it is just as certain as that he will never learn to talk, that is, to 23 communicate ideas according to the tradition system of a 24 particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly alien one. H

44、e will develop the art of walking in his new environment very much as he will have 25 developed it in the old. But his speech will completely at variance 26 with the speech of his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that varies only within circumscribed limits as we pass f

45、rom individual to individual. Its variability is voluntary 27 and purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group, because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the product of 28 long-continued social usage. It varies

46、 as all creative effort varies not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do the religions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different people. 29 Walking is an organic, an instinctive function (not, of course, itself an instinct); speech is a non-instinctive, acquiring, 30 “

47、cultural“ function.（分数：25.00）解析：theirits解析 代词误用。这里代词指代的是 society，因此应该使用指代单数名词的 its。解析：itthere解析 句型错误。这里是 there be句型，there is every reason to.表示“有充分的理由”。此处意为“有充分的理由相信他将学会走路”。解析：第二个 as as 解析 介词冗余。此句中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that引导的从句，此处 as certain后面省略了 as that he will learn to walk。不能把 it理解成指代前面的那句话，因为上文已经表明了

48、“我们肯定他将学会走路”，因此去掉第二个 as。这两句话的意思是“离开社会，我们有充分的理由相信他将学会走路并确实能生存下去。但是，我们同样肯定他将永远学不会交谈，即根据一个社会的传统体系来表达思想的能力。”解析：traditiontraditional 解析 词性混用。句中被修饰的是名词 system，应该使用形容词来修饰，因此应该将 tradition改为 traditional。解析：willwould解析 虚拟语气错误。本句意思是“他在新环境中形成的走路方式将会和以前的环境中的方式非常相似。”此处是一种假设，应用虚拟语气，故将 will改为，would。解析：willbe解析 be 动

49、词缺失。at 是介词，will 与 at之间应加入 be动词。本句意为“但是他的语言将完全不同于他的本土语言。”at variance with 表示“与不符”。解析：voluntaryinvoluntary解析 语义错误。and 前后的成分在形式和感情色彩上应保持一致，根据上文语义以及 purposeless可知，本句的意思是“这种变化是无意识、无目的的。”voluntary 表示“故意的”，不符合语义，应使用 involuntary“无意识的”。解析：purepurely解析 词性混用。此处应使用副词修饰形容词 historical，表示“纯粹历史性的”，故将 pure改为 purely。解析：peoplepeoples解析 词义混淆。people 作为集合名词，意思是“人类，人们”，但是它还可以作可数名词的单数，意思是“民族，种族”。根据上下文可知，此处考查“民族，种族”之意，而且被different所修饰，故应使用其复数形式 peoples。解析：acquiringacquired解析 非谓语动词误用。acquire 和 speech之间是动宾关系，故应使用过