职称英语卫生类A级分类模拟3及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 A 级分类模拟 3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、概括大意与完成句子(总题数：7，分数：100.00)CancerCancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body“s basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep

2、 the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases,

3、 they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors ca

4、n change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致癌物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherit

5、ed. Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient“s age and general health,

6、and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects. Having cancer does not a

7、lways mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient“s tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can ge

8、nerally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. Does cancer always cause pain? B. Can cancer be prevented? C. What is cancer? D. How common is cancer? E. What causes cancer? F. How is cancer treated?（分数：1.00

9、）(2).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(4).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(5).Cancer occurs when cells in the body divide without 1. A. prescription medicines B. control or order C. tolerance for pain D. various factors E. normal genes F. side effects（分数：1.00）(6).Gene alterations may be caused

10、by 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Treatment for cancer may also bring about some 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Cancer patients may differ in their 1.（分数：1.00）Depression and the ElderlyWe all feel sad at times. However, clinical depression is a serious matter. Clinical depression, sometimes called major depression, is a biological

11、ly based brain disorder that affects one“s thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physical health. When people complain that they feel terrible, they have no interest or take no pleasure in things, have trouble sleeping, lack energy, have poor appetite, or cannot concentrate, depression is a definite pos

12、sibility. Depression in its many forms affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years or older. Most older people with depression have been suffering from episodes (发作) of the illness during much of their lives. For others, depression has a first onset (起病) in late lifeev

13、en for those in their 80s and 90s. Depression in older persons is closely associated with dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the family. Many older people and their families don“t recognize the symptoms of depression, aren“t aware that it is a medical illness

14、, and don“t know how it is treated. Others may mistake the symptoms of depression as signs of dementia (痴呆). Also, many older people think that depression is a character flaw (缺陷) and are worried about being stigmatized (给带来耻辱). So they blame themselves for their illness and are too ashamed (耻辱的) to

15、 get help, others worry that treatment would be too costly. Older persons with depression rarely seek treatment for the illness. Unrecognized and untreated depression has fatal consequences in terms of both suicide and non-suicide mortality (死亡). The highest rate of suicide in the US is among older

16、white men. Depression is the single most significant risk factor for suicide in that population. Tragically, many of those people who go on to commit suicide have reached out for help. 20% see a doctor the day they die, 40% the week they die, and 70% in the month they die. Yet depression is frequent

17、ly missed.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 1 A. How common is depression in late life? B. What is depression? C. What relieves depression in older people? D. Why does depression in older people often go untreated? E. Can depression in older people be treated? F. What are the consequences of untreated depre

18、ssion in older people?（分数：1.50）(2).Paragraph 2 1（分数：1.50）(3).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.50）(4).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.50）(5).Clinical depression is different from 1. A. a character flaw B. normal sadness and grief C. a definite possibility D. dependency and disability E. a significant risk factor F. unrecognize

19、d and untreated depression（分数：1.50）(6).Depression in older people is strongly linked with 1.（分数：1.50）(7).Depression is regarded by many older people as 1.（分数：1.50）(8).Many older people commit suicide as a result of 1.（分数：1.50）Pregnant Women Warned about ACE InhibitorSome of the most commonly used me

20、dicines for high blood pressure are drugs called ACE inhibitors (血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂). Doctors have given these drugs to patients for twenty-five years. A government study in the United States found that the use almost doubled between 1995 and 2000. Doctors have known for years that women should not take AC

21、E inhibitors during the last six months of pregnancy. The medicine can injure the baby. ACE inhibitors, though, have been considered safe when taken during the first three months. But a new study has found that women who take these drugs early in their pregnancy still increase the risk of birth diso

22、rders. The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems. These included problems with the formation of the brain and nervous system and holes in the heart. The researchers say they found no increased risk in women who took other

23、blood pressure medicines during the first three months. Researchers at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Boston University did the study. The New England Journal of Medicine published the results. The researchers studied the records of almost 30,000 births between 1985 and 2000. 209 babies were

24、 born to women who took ACE inhibitors during the first three months of their pregnancies. Eighteen of the babies, or almost nine percent, had major disorders. ACE inhibitors are often given to patients with diabetes. But diabetes during pregnancy can result in birth defects. So the study did not in

25、clude any women known to be diabetic. ACE inhibitors suppress a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme or ACE. This enzyme produces a chemical in the body that makes blood passages narrow. The drugs increase the flow off blood, so pressure is reduced. New drugs are tested on pregnant animals t

26、o see if they might cause birth defects in humans. But experts say these tests are not always dependable. The United States Food and Drug Administration helped pay for the study. The FDA says women who might become pregnant should talk with their doctor about other ways to treat high blood pressure.

27、（分数：16.00）(1).Paragraph 2 1. A. Effects of ACE and ACE inhibitors B. Wide use of ACE inhibitors C. How to deal with high blood pressure in pregnant women D. Damage to pregnant women“s future babies E. Suggestions on stopping the use of ACE inhibitors F. Relative safety for women during the first thr

28、ee months of Pregnancies（分数：2.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1.（分数：2.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1.（分数：2.00）(4).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：2.00）(5).The most commonly used medicines for high blood pressure are 1. A. can cause our blood vessels to become more and more narrow B. ACE inhibitors C. that their likelihood to suffer maj

29、or problems is two times higher than other babies D. with their doctors about how to treat their problems E. because diabetes during pregnancy may sometimes lead to birth defects F. problems with the formation of the brain and nervous system and holes in the heart（分数：2.00）(6).Problems aroused by tak

30、ing ACE inhibitors during the last six months mainly include 1.（分数：2.00）(7).Angiotensin-converting enzyme or ACE produces a chemical in the body that 1.（分数：2.00）(8).FDA suggests that pregnant women with high blood pressure should consult 1.（分数：2.00）Exercising Your MemoryAging does not mean a dramati

31、c decline in memory power, unless you help it happen by letting your mind go. That“s not to say that memory doesn“t change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term (less than one minute; re

32、membering a telephone number while you dial, for instance), long-term (over a period of years) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime). Short-term memory isn“t mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes thro

33、ugh life. It“s not until the early teens that most people develop a mature long-term memory. First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈的、迟钝的) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their

34、 long-term memory abilities (at least long-term enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. It“s no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills througho

35、ut life. Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually activereading, discussing, taking classes, thinkingand those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exerci

36、sing your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity. The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention (保持力，记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are los

37、twhether they still exist in the brain but our mental searching cannot turn them up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages. The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of d

38、ifferent people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes to recall facts. But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people.（分数：16.00）(1).Paragraph 3 1. A. Effe

39、cts of aging on a person“s recall ability B. Short-term memory versus long-term memory C. Retention as the second necessity for memory D. Link between learning strategies and effective memory skills E. Significance of exercising your muscles F. Importance of staying intellectually active（分数：2.00）(2)

40、.Paragraph 4 1.（分数：2.00）(3).Paragraph 5 1.（分数：2.00）(4).Paragraph 6 1.（分数：2.00）(5).Retention refers to 1. A. to the proper function of your memory B. is called long-term memory C. the capacity to store what you have learned D. belongs to very long-term memory E. the ability to remain mentally healthy

41、 F. for younger and older people（分数：2.00）(6).The rate of forgetting is the same 1.（分数：2.00）(7).Remembering something all your life 1.（分数：2.00）(8).Exercising your brain every day is beneficial 1.（分数：2.00）How Room Designs Affect Our Work and FeelingsArchitects have long had the feeling that the places

42、 we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(经验的，实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused and lead to relaxation. Researches show that aspects of the physical environment

43、 can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room“s ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ce

44、ilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook. In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant“s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase

45、 in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention. Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design remembering a telephone number while you

46、 dial, for instance), long-term (over a period of years) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime). Short-term memory isn“t mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes through life. It“s not until the early tee

47、ns that most people develop a mature long-term memory. First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生锈的、迟钝的) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long-term memory abilities (at least

48、long-term enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. It“s no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life. Although older people in gene

49、ral learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually activereading, discussing, taking classes, thinkingand those who do not. Giving the brain a daily workout is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity. The next part of a healthy long-term memory is retention (保持力，记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lostwhether they still exist in