托福-10及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-10 及答案解析(总分：99.96，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、passage-1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Fred Smith1 At the turn of the century, the American economy shifted from its reliance on bulk manufacturing to a more service-based domain and lightweight high technology products. 2 The period when manufactured good

2、s were produced by semi-skilled workers in factories located not far from the raw materials that were transported by rail, truck, and canal was drawing to a close. 3 Highly trained scientists and technicians were developing products based upon electronic devices rather than tons of brute steel. 4 1

3、This new era allowed for the dispersal of manufacturing facilities and company headquarters. 2 With this freedom of location came the problem of transferring information and goods to scattered places. 3 Some items could be delivered electronically, but discs, paper, tapes and the like posed some ser

4、ious logistical problems. 4 Heralded as one of the great entrepreneurial figures of recent times, Fred Smith took astonishing risks to fulfill his vision and go against the United States Postal Service. For us, who live in a changing context of transportation and communication, his actions seem less

5、 precipitous and rash than to his contemporaries. But the Federal Express story should serve as a reminder that many of the best entrepreneurs are just as skilled at judging, controlling and minimizing risks as they are in taking them. With much of Smith“s family in the transportation industry, he u

6、sed part of the profits from selling his inherited father“s restaurants to serve as venture capital. 1 Though he did well in school, his interest focused on extra curricular activities, including starting a record label at age 15 that still exists today. 2 At Yale, he enrolled with the Marine Corp R

7、eserve Officers Training Program and the Flying Club. 3 He focuses his thesis on discussing the need for moving high priority, time-sensitive material in a more efficient manner. 4 Aware that few packages were sent directly to their destination by existing carriers, Smith proposed to have them shipp

8、ed from one city to the next on different airlines to their final destination. Smith“s professor, citing problems with federal regulations and competition from larger airlines that would preclude any chance of such a firm being successful, gave the paper a C. After dropping out of college, Smith tur

9、ned a faltering airplane engine repair business into a stable business. 1 It was from there that he began his dream of sending packages overnight in the formation of Federal Express. 2 By studying where the traffic of priority items was headed, Smith was able to construct a service that answered the

10、 complaints that many businesses had with existing services. 3 He initiated a postal service, which guaranteed the secure delivery of any items within a minimum of 3 days. 4 Smith contacted airline carriers and offered them a percentage of the fees he charged so that he may be able to ship his items

11、 on their planes via the fastest route possible. Today, the FedEx, as the company is termed, is synonymous with speedy delivery. It is one of the most lucrative and fastest growing businesses in the world. It boasts headquarters in virtually any location on the globe, while its employees are respect

12、ed for their courtesy and efficiency and dealing with customers. Glossaryelectronic: implemented on a computer or computer network entrepreneur: a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture extra-curricular: being outside the regular curriculum of a school or college

13、 carrier: one that transports or conveys（分数：10.00）(1).Look at the four squares in paragraph 1 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. It was the dawn of a new industrialized era. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage

14、.（分数：2.50）(2).Look at the four squares in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Companies could locate their basis in areas most conducive to attracting the best managers, scientists and workers. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to

15、add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(3).Look at the four squares in paragraph 3 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. During his junior year at the university, he wrote a paper analyzing the state of the U.S. freight service. Where would the sentence best fit

16、? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage:（分数：2.50）(4).Look at the four squares in paragraph 4 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This included weekends and any extraneous statutory holidays as well. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a sq

17、uare to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）三、passage-2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Declaration of IndependenceMost people know that in 1776 the thirteen American colonies declared their independence from Britain and decided to form their own country. The reasons why the colonists decided to declare the

18、ir independence, however, are very complex. Britain had ruled over colonies in America since the 1600s. 1 Since Britain was very far away, by the mid-1700“s, the East Coast colonists had become virtually self-sufficient. 2 They governed themselves autonomously for the most part, using elected assemb

19、lies to make local laws. 3 They formed their own militia to deal with Indian attacks and other problems, and slowly expanded westwards. 4 There were the problems between Britain and the colonies in I763. Britain had just defeated France in a long war, and had taken over a great deal of French land i

20、n North America. 1 But to pay for the war and to manage the new lands, the British needed financial resources. 2 The colonists became filled with discontent over the taxes and declared that since they were British citizens they could not be taxed without their representatives in the government agree

21、ing to that. 3 Their motto was no taxation without representation. 4 The colonists doggedly held to this view of actual representation, while the British upheld the concept of virtual representation, which meant a member of the London Parliament virtually represented every British citizen, colonist

22、or not, so a specific representative from the colonies was not necessary. 1 As more taxes were imposed, the colonists grew ever angrier with the mother land. 2 In a final surge of anger, they dumped ship-loads of British tea into Boston harbor in a protest that became known as the Boston Tea Party.

23、3 Eventually, the colonists realized that they did not need the British government, and that they had done pretty well on their own. 4 They fought the British in several small battles and realized, finally, that to be happy and free, they had to break away from Britain. 1 A number of wealthy merchan

24、ts who had done well under the British rule were less enthusiastic supporters of emancipation. 2 They feared severe retaliation at the hands of the British and were not willing to risk life and limb, as well as their wealth, for such lofty ideals as independence. 3 Soon, two parties established them

25、selves within the American government. The lefties were enthusiastic and vociferous supporters of American independence. They were the hotheads who had organized the boycotts and street rallies. On the other side were the conservative plantation owners and rich constituents still loyal to the Englis

26、h crown. Eventually, though, the democratic wing won over the royalists. 4 In 1776, Thomas Jefferson, asked by the leaders of the American Colonies, wrote a document called the Declaration of Independence, which consisted of two parts. The first part was a list of their rights and the second part wa

27、s a list of the numerous ways that England had denied these rights to its colonists. Finally on July 4, 1776, leaders of the colonies signed the Declaration of Independence, which marked the beginning of a new country. Glossaryassembly: legislative body that especially makes up the lower house of a

28、legislature colonist: an inhabitant of a colony taxation: the imposition of taxes parliament: legislative assembly in certain countries（分数：10.00）(1).Look at the four squares in paragraph 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. These British colonies had grown and

29、prospered for over a century until they covered most of the American East Coast. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(2).Look at the four squares in paragraph 3 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Ther

30、efore the British raised taxes throughout the American colonies. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(3).Look at the four squares in paragraph 4 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. They went so far as

31、to boycott any imported British goods. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(4).Look at the four squares in paragraph 5 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Of course, the idea of independence was not as

32、 easy to grasp by all American colonists. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）四、passage-3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)MarijuanaMarijuana that comes from the hemp plant “cannabis sativa“ has been used for a variety of purposes since ancient times. Actua

33、lly, hemp is one of the world“s most important resources, and has many industrial applications, including as a textile, fuel, or construction product, as well as an ingredient in the furniture, cosmetics, energy and food industry. 1 Most well-known are its uses to cure cancer patients and to provide

34、 relief for those who suffer from asthma. 2 In the 19th Century, scientists began to investigate its properties, and in 1839 its use as an analgesic and anticonvulsing agent was recorded in medical journals. 3 Marijuana was thought effective in treating a wide range of physical and mental ailments,

35、but interest in its use as medicine waned in the 20th Century with the advent of more modern medicines. 4 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 rendered marijuana illegal, and in 1941 it was deleted from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, the official compendium of drugs. 1 In addition the Controlled Substances Act (C

36、SA) of 1970 classified marijuana as one of the most dangerous drugs and banned it from being legally cultivated in the United States. 2 Drugs which have a high potential for abuse are classified as Schedule-1 drugs and cannot be used for medical purposes. 3 Marijuana, heroin, opiates and hallucinoge

37、nics belong to this drug group. 4 There is widespread debate in the United States today as to whether marijuana should be legalized or not. 1 Supporters of legalization maintain that marijuana is effective as a pain reliever for certain conditions and is particularly helpful for those who suffer fro

38、m glaucoma. 2 Those in favor of legalization suggest that .just as we would not deny a sick person aspirin, we should not deny marijuana to those who need it. 3 Marijuana supporters point to the association of alcohol with drunk driving, domestic abuse, and addiction. 4 They note that marijuana use

39、does not produce any of these behaviors and for this reason it is hypocritical to outlaw marijuana, but not alcohol. While there is considerable support for legalization, the majority of the American public is opposed to the legalization of marijuana. 1 One such effect would be loss of memory and mo

40、tivation, as well as loss of motor control while driving under the influence of marijuana or performing other activities requiring concentration and coordination. 2 Opponents of legalization also suggest that marijuana is a gateway drug. 3 This is because marijuana users who look for a more intense

41、high may move on to harder drugs such as cocaine and heroine. 4 For now, marijuana is not legal in most parts of the globe. Yet a prolific underground marijuana culture is flourishing. In many ports and big cities, marijuana dealers openly sell their wares at street corners, and police forces have t

42、rouble reigning them in. Numerous marijuana growers have been busted in what seemed quiet neighborhoods. But the illicit profits from the production and selling of the grass outweigh the risks, and many criminals still traffic with marijuana. 1 It is unlikely in the foreseeable future that marijuana

43、 will be fully legalized in the U.S. 2 In 1996, voters in both California and Arizona agreed to a bill for marijuana to be legalized for such medical purposes. It means that doctors and patients will be protected from criminal prosecution when marijuana is prescribed for serious conditions. 3 Other

44、states, such as Alaska, have not legalized the drug, but have decriminalized it such that possession of small amounts is only a minor offense that does not carry a police record. 4 1 Thus, many foreign groups support its legalization both in the States and other areas of the world. 2 Despite its use

45、fulness for medical treatment and supports from many groups, however, the political and legal controversies surrounding its status as an illegal substance, as well as concerns about the drug“s potential harmful side effects have become obstacles to its legalization. 3 Everyone has his own opinion on

46、 marijuana and its legalization, so it will continue to be discussed until an answer is given. 4 Glossarycannabis sativa: a strong-smelling plant from whose dried leaves a number of euphoriant and hallucinogenic drugs are prepared anticonvulsant: drug that prevents or relieves convulsions hallucinog

47、enics: a substance that induces hallucination glaucoma: a disease of the eye marked by increased pressure within the eyeball that can result in damage to the optic disk and gradual loss of vision decriminalize: to reduce or abolish criminal penalties（分数：15.00）(1).Look at the four squares in paragrap

48、h 2 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In addition to this variety of benefits, marijuana has remarkable applications in the medical field. Where would the sentence best fit? Click On a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(2).Look at the four squ

49、ares in paragraph 3 that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. According to the CSA, drugs are categorized within 5 schedules. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.（分数：2.50）(3).Look at the four squares in paragraph 4 that indicate where the following sente