大学六级-1601及答案解析.doc

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1、大学六级-1601 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Starbucks Should/Should Not Leave the Forbidden City. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.介绍人们争论的焦点和理由；2.你的观

2、点和理由；3.你的建议。（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：70.00)Coping with Climate ChangeWhat we have learned so far about climate changes is affecting our global environment. Studies show that it adversely affects human and natural systems by reducing biodiversity, impairing biological and chemical ci

3、rcles and making it more difficult to restore degraded ecosystems.Climate is not the only factor in the deterioration of natural systems. We are making big changes to the landscape, altering land use and land cover in major ways. These changes combined present a challenge to environmental management

4、. Adaptive management is a scientific approach to managing the adverse impacts of climate and landscape change.Nature and Impacts of Climate ChangeEvery week it seems there is an article about global warming in the news media. It may be difficult for some to grasp the big picture of the issue, but i

5、n general, climate change has already or is expected to increase temperatures, particularly in the interior of continents, toward the poles and in winter; boost precipitation(降水量) in wetter areas and suppress precipitation in drier areas; increase rain and decrease snow; lessen peak spring runoff an

6、d cause more even year-round flow of water, thereby reducing water availability during summer irrigation and navigation seasons; increase evaporation of water during the summer; enhance the likelihood of lower mean lake levels, drier wetlands, and water shortages, particularly in mountain regions; r

7、aise the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods; raise global sea levels, causing some populated coastal areas to become inundated(被淹没的) ; reduce the extent and duration of Arctic sea ice with adverse consequences for marine mammals; increase the

8、 losses of glaciers in middle and equatorial latitudes, including premier mountain ecosystems such as Glacier National Park in Montana.Global average temperature had increased by about 0.6 over the past 100 years, with a major warming upswing in the 1970s. Warming is the result, in part, of rapid in

9、creases in emissions of greenhouse gases(GHG), particularly carbon dioxide(CO2), which is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, used for power generation and transportation.When global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns change, it is expected th

10、ere will be consequences on ecosystems, such as an increase in the spread of exotic species, redistributing of plants, animals, energy, water and nutrients; alteration of natural processes and the structure and function of ecosystems.Northerly latitudes are particularly vulnerable to climate change.

11、 The Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum for Arctic nations and indigenous people, reported that the northern ice cap is warming at twice the global rate and the Arctic region is expected to warm a two or three times the rate for rest of the world. Arctic warming will have serious consequence

12、s on human and ecology.Nature and Impacts of Landscape ChangeLandscape change results from natural disturbances and human activities. Natural disturbances include fire, windstorms, avalanches, landslides, tree fall, floods, and insect epidemics. Human activities causing landscape change include conv

13、ersion of forestland to agriculture, drainage of wetlands, and forest fragmentation form road construction and timber harvesting.Human activities often have a more significant effect on landscapes than natural disturbances because they alter the availability of energy, water, and nutrients to ecosys

14、tems; increase the spread of exotic species; accelerate natural processes of ecosystem change; and adversely affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Human-induced landscape change has accelerated during the past several decades because of rapid population and economic growth, particularl

15、y in countries such as China, India, and Brazil.Landscape change had contributed to a dramatic 1.000-fold increase in species .extinctions over the past 400 years.On a global basis, nearly 1.2 million km2 of forest and woodland and 5.6 million km2 of grassland and pastureland have been converted to

16、other uses. During the last three centuries, 12 million km2 of cropland were lost. Between 1982 and 1997, 121000 km2 of non-federal land were urbanized in the United States. More than 90 percent of the land in the lower 48 states has been logged, plowed, mined, grazed, paved, or otherwise modified f

17、rom previous conditions.Human-induced landscape change significantly affects wildlife. For example, between 1970 and 2000, rural residential development in the Montana and Wyoming portions of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem increased 400 percent. Consequently, current and potential grizzly bear ha

18、bitat on private lands in the ecosystem has been degraded and fragmented. Double-digit growth in residential subdivisions adjacent to the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming, has diminished winter range for the 10000 elk that use the refuge and displaced corridors that elk use to reach summer ra

19、nge in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks.Another example of significant impacts from landscape change is the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. This ecosystem covers the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, and western Montana, United States. Here are some specifics: Most

20、 old-growth forests that once existed outside of protected parks and wilderness areas have been harvested. Many rivers in the region have been altered by hydroelectric power development. Significant farm, ranch, and forest acreage has been converted to homes and commercial developments. Lakes and st

21、reams have been polluted by agricultural and urban runoff. Fish and wildlife habitats have been degraded. Active and proposed energy developments threaten protected areas. Large areas have been invaded by normative species.The desire to preserve the outstanding wildlife( especially large carnivores)

22、 and environmental amenities(舒适 ) from the negative effects of rapid economic growth and development in the northern Rocky Mountain region prompted creation of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative. The initiative involves 300 conservation organizations and covers an area larger than the

23、states of California and Texas combined, including the Greater Yellowstone and Crown of the Continent Ecosystem.Coping with Climate and Landscape ChangeAlthough climate and landscape change has positive effects on human and natural system, it is expected to have many adverse impacts that deserve att

24、ention. Ecosystems have an inherent capacity to resist climate and landscape change, known as ecological resilience(复原能). When this capacity is exceeded, the ecosystem can change in ways that may not be socially and ecologically acceptable.So what can be done? Mitigation strategies can reduce ecosys

25、tem vulnerability. Mitigation strategies are actions to prevent, reduce, or slow climate and/or landscape change.The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which took effect in February 2005, is a prime example of a climate change mitigation strategy. The protoc

26、ol commits 36 industrialized countries to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2. Limiting increases in global temperature by 2 would require keeping atmospheric concentrations of CO2 below 400 parts per million(ppm). Current concentrations are about 375 ppm. Benefits from the Kyoto Protocol may be limi

27、ted because it does not include some developed countries, which emit substantial GHGs, and developing countries where rapid population and economic growth is expected to dramatically increase GHG emissions.Other mitigation: strategies include increasing the use of alternative energy sources and tech

28、nologies (clean coal, renewable energy, ethanol, hybrid vehicles, and nuclear power). Although the United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol, 28 states have programs to curb CO2 emissions, and at least 166 U. S. cities have agreed to apply the Kyoto emission reduction standards to their communit

29、ies.Other initiatives, like the Apollo Alliance, bring together labor unions, environmental and business groups, and activist: organizations with the mission of sharply reducing U. S. dependence on fossil fuels. The alliance is seeking ways to do the following: power the economy with hydrogen produc

30、ed from renewable energy resources; implement green construction codes; revitalize urban centers to reduce urban sprawl; determine how industry can store rather than emit carbon into the atmosphere.The Apollo Alliance expects to invest $ 300 billion in new energy technologies and energy conservation

31、 over 10 years as a way to eliminate U. S. dependence on foreign oil and create millions of good-paying jobs. There funds would be raised using tax incentives, public bonds, capital strategies, and other mechanisms.（分数：49.00）(1).According to the article, which one is NOT the possible result of clima

32、te change?A. Temperatures will increase in some areas.B. Rainfall probably will increase.C. The evaporation of water will increase during the winter.D. The lifted sea level possibly will bring about flood in some coastal places.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which one of the following is the component of gree

33、nhouse gases?A. Coal. B. Oil. C. Natural gas. D. Carbon dioxide.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How will the Arctic region probably be influenced by the climate change?A. The ice cap is slowly warming.B. The ice cap is warming rapidly beyond control.C. The ice cap is warming at twice the global rate.D. The inf

34、luence of climate change on the Arctic region is similar to other countries.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the article; which one is NOT included in the natural disturbances?A. Hurricane. B. Timber harvesting. C. Tree fall. D. Floods.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the influence of human activities

35、on landscapes?A. They provide more energy, water and nutrients to ecosystems.B. They maintain the balance of ecosystems.C. They affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems in a negative way.D. They curb the spread of exotic species.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the article, which of the f

36、ollowing statements is NOT true7A. Landscape change resulted from human activists has accelerated because of the growth of population and economic development.B. Landscape change has contributed to many species extinction.C. Landscape change has posed a threat on wildlife.D. Natural disturbances oft

37、en have a greater effect on landscape than human activities.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Which of the following is NOT the result of landscape change in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem?A. Old forests once existed in the protected park have been cut down.B. Hydroelectric powers affect the river.C. A mas

38、s of land has been converted to residential and commercial regions.D. Lakes and rivers have been polluted by rural and urban runoff.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.2.When ecological resilience is exceeded, the ecosystem becomes 1 unacceptable.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_3.There are ways to help ecosystems reduce 1 to the clim

39、ate and landscape change.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_4.The Kyoto protocol requires 1 to curb GHG emissions, especially CO2.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：4，分数：105.00)(1).A. Barry no longer lives in New York. B. Barry doesnt know how to economize.C. The woman called Barry in C

40、alifornia. D. The woman didnt ever meet Barry.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. A trip she has already taken. B. A trip she takes frequently.C. A restaurant she owns. D. A famous statue in Philadelphia.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. He went mountain-climbing last year. B. He hasnt traveled around the world yet.C. He

41、 always wants to climb that mountain. D. He definitely doesnt want to climb that mountain.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. At a mine. B. In a new car showroom.C. In a parking lot. D. At a car repair shop.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).A. The room is on fire. B. The men are bothered by the smoke.C. There is very little

42、 breeze. D. The men are not permitted in the room.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(1).A. Catch the train. B. Hurry to catch the bus.C. Sit next to the bus stop. D. Fix his torn sleeve.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Check the time of high tide. B. Go stand under the clock.C. Wait a little longer. D. Look for the traffic l

43、ight.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Her suitcase. B. Some rocks.C. The leaves. D. A pillow.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. George Washington. B. Thomas Jefferson.C. James Madison. D. Abraham Lincoln.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. A British dol

44、l. B. Her best white dress.C. Her son. D. A picture of George Washington.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. The entire house. B. Six rooms only.C. The gardens only. D. The east room only.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).A. Purchase her plane ti

45、cket. B. Change her plane ticket.C. Pick up a passport application form. D. Arrange for her accommodations in Europe.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. She doesnt have time to move.B. She would have difficulty finding another apartment nearby.C. Shes paid her rent for the summer in advance.D. She doesnt want t

46、o paint another apartment.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Hes spoken to him on the phone. B. He stayed in his apartment one summer.C. He went on a summer trip with him. D. He used to work with him.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. Three weeks. B. One month.C. Three months. D. Over a year.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、Section B(

47、总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. Replacing the native corn with the hybrid corn.B. Replacing the hybrid corn with the native corn.C. Replacing the new type of corn with the traditional com.D. Replacing the traditional corn wit

48、h the native com.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Excellent quality. B. Large productivity.C. Good flavor. D. Both A and B.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. Because their wives didnt like it. B. Because it wasnt good for cooking.C. Because their wives didnt like the flavor. D. All of the above.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Passage

49、 TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).A. The situation. B. The solution.C. The recommendation. D. The office building.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. Because they had to wait for a long time by the lift.B. Because they were bored for nothing to do but standing by the lift.C. Because the lift was slow.D. Because there were not enough lifts in the building.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. T