【考研类试卷】武汉大学考博英语-8及答案解析.doc

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1、武汉大学考博英语-8 及答案解析(总分：105.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：40.00)“There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they“re 18, and the truth is far from that,“ says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are l

2、iving with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,“ declared sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months. Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condit

3、ion that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so

4、excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs. Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “It“s ridiculous for the ki

5、ds to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.“ But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Mic

6、helle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,“ she explains. “He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends“ houses.“ Just how long should adult children live with th

7、eir parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with “a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.“ And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves

8、stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S_（分数：2.00）A.for young adults to leave their parents and live independentlyB.for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC.for m

9、arried young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD.for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents(2).Which of the following does not account for young adults returning to the nest?（分数：2.00）A.Young adults find housing costs too highB.Young adults are psychological

10、ly and intellectually immatureC.Young adults seek parental comfort and moral supportD.Quite a number of young adults attend local schools(3).One of the disadvantages for young adults returning to stay with their parents is that _（分数：2.00）A.there will inevitably be inconveniences in everyday lifeB.mo

11、st parents find it difficult to keep a bigger family goingC.the young adults tend to be overprotected by their parentsD.public opinion is against young adults staying with their parents(4).According to the passage, what is the best for both parents and children?（分数：2.00）A.They should adjust themselv

12、es to sharing the family expensesB.Children should leave their parents when they are grown upC.Adult children should visit their parents from time to timeD.Parents should support their adult children when they are in troubleFor years pediaticians didn“t worry much about treating hypertension in thei

13、r patients. After all, kids grow so fast, it“s hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their blood pressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine they could wind up tak

14、ing the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five pr six decades of daily use? The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things, maybe they“ll grow out of this too. Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even i

15、n childhood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with high blood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for younger patients as well,“ s

16、ays Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study at Children“s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But it“s worrisome. “ Who“s most at risk? Boys more than girls, especially boys who are overweight. Their heart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat tha

17、t its walls grow more dense. Then, after decades of straining, it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately the abnormal, thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case, getting that blood pressure under controlthrough weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treatment

18、allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size. How can you tell if yours are like the 670,000 American children ages 10 to 18 with high blood pressure? It“s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child“s arm in a cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You sho

19、uld have a test done by a doctor, who will consult special tables that indicate me normal range of blood pressure for a particular child“s age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will repeat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn“t a fake. He“ll also che

20、ck, whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the source of the trouble. Because hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3. About ha! the cases of hypertension stem directly from ki

21、ds being overweight. And the problem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in the U. S. who are overweight has doubled, from 5% to 11 to or 4.7 million kids. You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food from your pantry and hooking you

22、kidsthe earlier the betteron healthy, attractive snacks like fruits(try freezing grapes or carrot sticks with salsa). Not only will they lower your children“s blood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog their plumbing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on

23、the playground than with their Play-Station. Even if they don“t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will help keep their blood vessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course, they“ll be more likely to eat light and exercise if you set a good example.（分数：8.00）(1).The word “unclog“ in

24、 the last paragraph can be replaced by _.（分数：2.00）A.fixB.clearC.hinderD.dismantle(2).By saying “It“s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child“s arm in a cuff at the free monitoring stati0n:in your local grocery“ , the writer implies _.（分数：2.00）A.hypertension is hard to detectB.child

25、ren often refuse to have their blood pressure testedC.you“ll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child“s blood pressure checked in a groceryD.in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child“ blood pressure examined(3).Which of the following is not suggested by th

26、e writer to control hypertension?（分数：2.00）A.Drug treatmentB.Weight lossC.ExerciseD.Overwork(4).We can conclude from the passage that _.（分数：2.00）A.children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and strokeB.parent“s blood pressure decides their children“s blood pressureC.besides o

27、verweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertensionD.vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart troubleThe geology of the Earth“s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissol

28、ves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosi

29、on: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because w

30、ater tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the av

31、erage time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs-atmosphere, continent, and ocean-we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This la

32、st figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and som

33、e magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus resul

34、ts from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water _.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing

35、from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceansD.being carried by wind(2).The passage suggests that the purpose of the “hydrographic network“ is to _.（分数：2.00）A.determine the size of molecules of waterB.prevent soil erosion caused by floodingC.move water from the Earth“s surface to the o

36、ceansD.regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers(3).What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The potential energy contained in waterB.The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compoundsC.The amou

37、nts of rainfall that fall on the continentsD.The relative size of the water storage areas(4).All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.magnesiumB.ironC.potassiumD.calciumThe nuclear age in which the human race is living, and may soon be dying, began for the general public

38、 with the dropping of an atom bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. But for nuclear scientists and for certain American authorities, it had been known for some time that such a weapon was possible. Work towards making it had been begun by the United States, Canada and Britain very soon after the begin

39、ning of the Second World War. The existence of possibly explosive forces in the nuclei of atoms had been known ever since the structure of atoms was discovered by Rutherford. An atom consists of a tiny core called the “nucleus“ with attendant electrons circling round it. The hydrogen atom, which is

40、the simplest and lightest, has only one electron. Heavier atoms have more and more as they go up the scale. The first discovery that had to do with what goes on in nuclei was radioactivity, which is caused by particles being shot out of the nucleus. It was known that a great deal of energy is locked

41、 up in the nucleus, but, until just before the outbreak of the Second World War, there was no way of releasing this energy in any large quantity. A revolutionary discovery was that, in certain circumstances, mass can be transformed into energy in accordance with Einstein“s formula which states that

42、the energy generated is equal to the mass lost multiplied by the square of the velocity of light. The A-bomb, however, used a different process, depending upon radioactivity. In this process, called “fission“, a heavier atom splits into two lighter atoms. In general, in radioactive substances this f

43、ission proceeds at a constant rate which is slow where substances occurring in nature are concerned. But there is one form of uranium called “U235“ which, when it is pure, sets up a chain reaction which spreads like fire, though with enormously greater rapidity. It is this substance which was used i

44、n making the atom bomb. The political background of the atomic scientists“ work was the determination to defeat the Nazis. It was held-I think rightly-that a Nazi victory would be an appalling disaster. It was also held, in Western countries, that German scientists must be well advanced towards maki

45、ng an A-bomb, and that if they succeeded before the West did they would probably win the war. When the war was over, it was discovered, to the complete astonishment of both American and British scientists, that the Germans were nowhere near success, and as everybody knows, the Germans were defeated

46、before any nuclear weapons had been made. But I do not think that nuclear scientists of the West can be blamed for thinking the work urgent and necessary. Even Einstein favored it. When, however, the German war was finished, the great majority of those scientists who had collaborated towards making

47、the A-bomb considered that it should not be used against the Japanese, who were already on the verge of defeat and, in any case, did not constitute such a menace to the world as Hitler. Many of them made urgent representations to the American Government advocating that, instead of using the bomb as

48、a weapon of war, they should after a public announcement, explode it in a desert, and that future control of nuclear energy should be placed in the hands of an international authority. Seven of the most eminent of nuclear scientists drew up what is known as “The Franck Report“ which they presented t

49、o the Secretary of War in June 1945. This is a very admirable and far-seeing document, and if it had won the assent of the politicians, none of our subsequent terrors would have arisen.（分数：8.00）(1).We may infer that the writer“s attitude towards the A-bomb is that _.（分数：2.00）A.it is a necessary evilB.it is a terrible threat to the whole of mankindC.it played a vital part in defeating the JapaneseD.it was a wonderful invention(2).The American and British scientists were astonished at the end of the Second World War against Germany because _