2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第二部分专题2形容词和副词讲义.doc

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1、1专题 2 形容词和副词框架结构图形容词和副词的功能1.形容词的功能：形容词主要是用来修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质、特征、状态，在句中：作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等；作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征；作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征；作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。作独立成分。2.副词的功能：副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。形容词和副词的核心考点1.形容词和副词的位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则是用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子的，一般位于形容

2、词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：(1)形容词短语作定语，须后置。a task difficult to finish(2)表语形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive 等)作定语，须后置，如 a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well，faint，ill 只作表语；sick 既可作表语又可作定语。ill 如果不是表示身体或精神上“不适的” “不健康的” “有病的”等，而2是表示类似 bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。Hes been ill since then.By ill luck，my fligh

3、t had been cancelled.(3)形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词 one，no，any，some 和 every 构成的复合词如anything，something 等时，通常后置。I have something important to tell you.(4)else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。(5)enough 修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.(7)频度副词如 often，

4、always，usually 等放在 be 动词后，行为动词前。(8)副词作定语，须后置。The person there is waiting for you.(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)年龄或新旧词颜色词产地或来源词材料或种类词用途词名词。a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella(10)以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly 结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively，lonely，lovely，deadl

5、y，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely 等。表原意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词：Error!Error!Error!Error!有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词：Error!Error!Error!Error!2.形容词和副词的比较等级(1)原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。3用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as原级形容词/副词as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数as原级形容词/副词as”的结构。Xiao Wang

6、is as tall as Xiao Yu.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.This building looks not so/as high as that one.This room is three times as large as that one.(2)比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。(3)比较级的用法。表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级than”的结构表示。This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“

7、less原级than”的结构表示。 This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如 even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far 等修饰。He works even harder than before.注意：(A)英语的比较级前如无 even，still 或 yet 等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更” 。She is better than she was yesterday.她今天身体好些了。Pleas

8、e come earlier tomorrow.请明天早点来。(B)by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the” 。He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the比较级(主语谓语)，the比较级(主语谓语)”的结构(意为“越就越”)。The harder he works，the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级and比较级”的

9、结构。The weather is getting colder and colder.某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to 代替 than。这些词有 inferior(劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于)，junior(资历较浅的)，senior(资格较老的)，4prior(在之前)等。He is superior to Mr Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that 指物，one 既可指人又可指物；that 可代替单数可数名词(相当于 the one)和不可数名

10、词，而 one 只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting than that(或 the one) on the desk.Im afraid Alices the only one who can do it.倍数表达法。(A)A is three(four，etc.) times the size(height，length，etc.) of B.The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.(B)A is three(four，etc.)

11、times as big(high，long，etc.) as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.(C)A is three(four，etc.) times bigger(higher，longer，etc.) than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.注意：用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用 twice 或 double。(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Zhang Hua is

12、 the tallest of the three.He works (the) hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及 much，by far，nearly，almost ，by no means，not quite，not really 等词或短语修饰。This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not really/by no means/not quite the biggest.表示“最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent，extreme，perfect 等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词

13、、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。He is the tallest (boy) in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.否定词比较级最高级He has never spent a more worrying day.(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。5形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常” 。He is a most clever young policeman.(a mostvery)The film is mo

14、st interesting.(mostvery)表示两者间“较的一个” ，比较级前加 the。Who is the older of the two boys?在“the比较级.，the比较级.”结构中，可用省略形式。The more，the better.(6)由 as 组成的形容词或副词短语。as much as不可数名词 数量多达Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.She could earn as much as 100 dollars a week.as many as可数名词复数 数量多达I have as many as sixt

15、een reference books.as early as 早在As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as 远到；就而知(论)We might go as far as(远到) the church and back.As far as I know(据我所知)，he has been there before.may(might，could) as well 不妨，不如Then you might as well stay with us here.as.as one c

16、an 尽某人所能的He began to run，as fast as he could.as.as possible 尽可能的Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.3.几组重要的词语辨析(1)very 和 much 的区别。可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very 不用 much。表示状态的分词形容词前用 very。如 a very frightened boy，a very tired child，a very complicated problem。一般情况下，以-ing，-ed 结尾的分词形容词多用much，very much

17、，greatly 等修饰。We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.I was much amused by Jacks attitude.已转化为形容词的现在分词前用 very。如：very interesting/worrying/exciting。too 前用 much，a lot 或 far，不用 very。如：You are much/far/a lot too nice.另6外，在 too many/much，too few/little 前可用 far。Theres far too little opportunity for a

18、dventure these days.Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：(A)修饰“绝对”意义的形容词，一般不用very，而用 quite，completely，well，entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken，sure)，completely dead，quite impossible，quite perfect 等。(B)修饰以 a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone，very much alone，wide awake，fast as

19、leep，very much afraid。(C)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth，much the same，freezing cold，quite different，terribly cold/frightening。(2)so.that.与 such.that.的区别。Error!Error!注意：下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such：当名词前有 many，much，little，few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress，so many people，so little food，so few apples 等。但当 litt

20、le 表示“小”时用 such，如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列短语中 so 的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem，so difficult problems，so hot weather。(3)其他几组词的辨析。ago，before：ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前” ；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前” 。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。already，yet，still：already 表示某事已经发生；yet 表示期待某事发生；still

21、 表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。too，also，either：too 和 also 用于肯定句，too 多用于口语，also 多用于书面语；either 用于否定句。good，well：与 good 不同的是，well 作形容词用，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好的” ；well 还可作副词修饰动词。quick，fast：作形容词皆表示“快的” 。fast 多指运动的物体，含持续的意思；quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。real，true：作形容词皆表示“真的” 。real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true 指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在

22、句中作表语或定语。hard，difficult：均表示“困难” ，但 hard 通常指体力上困难；difficult 则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于 hard。它们都可作定语和表语。71.搭配错误Error!Error!Error!2.汉语干扰，词性混乱(1)形容词误作动词(误)He eager to know everything about China.(正)He is eager to know everything about China.(2)形容词与名词混淆(误)The sport teaches us the important of obedience.(正)The sp

23、ort teaches us the importance of obedience.(3)形容词与副词混淆(误)Unfortunate，many people are ignorant of it.(正)Unfortunately，many people are ignorant of it.3.比较级的错误表达(误)The sea level is rising more and more high.(误)The sea level is rising more and more higher.(正)The sea level is rising higher and higher.考向

24、1 词形变换之形容词.单句语法填空1.Running is cheap，easy and its always energetic(energy).(2018全国)解析 连系动词 is 后接形容词作表语，故填 energy 的形容词形式 energetic。2.According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total global(globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018全国)解析 fertilizer consumption 是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填 global

25、。3.The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be affordable(afford) but doing this most days adds up.(2018浙江)解析 根据前面的 be 可知，此处是系表结构，应用形容词；根据 eating out once or twice a week 并结合常识可知应是“付得起(affordable)” 。4.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) be

26、tween meals and will improve the taste of your food.However，be careful(care) not to go to extremes.8(2017全国)解析 be 之后接形容词作表语，care 的形容词形式是 careful。5.The Central London Railway was one of the most successful(success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.(2017全国)解析 “one of the形容词最高级可数名词复数”表示“最的之一”

27、，此处应填 success 的形容词形式 successful。6.But something made her look closer，and she noticed a shiny/shining(shine) object.(2017浙江)解析 空格处修饰名词 object，故用形容词。shine 的形容词形式为 shiny 或 shining，意为“闪闪发光的” 。7.She was a very caring/careful(care) mother.For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something to e

28、at！(2016四川)解析 空格处修饰名词 mother，故用形容词。care 的形容词是 caring(照料他人的)或careful(细心的)。在此，两个形容词在语意上都能讲得通。8.As natural(nature) architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全国)解析 修饰名词 architects，故要用形容词形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.I felt

29、that their life had improved.(2018全国)happilyhappy解析 feel 在此处是连系动词，后接形容词作表语。2.I was afraid to speak in front of a group of people.(2018全国)largerlarge解析 句意为：我不敢在一大群人面前说话。这里没有比较的意味，故把 larger 改为large。3.It was a relief and I came to a stop just in the middle of the suddenlysuddenroad.(2017全国)解析 此处 stop 是

30、名词，名词前用形容词修饰，所以把 suddenly 改为 sudden。4.I enjoyed studying kinds of cars and planes，playing pop differencedifferentmusic，and collecting the latest music albums.(2017全国)解析 形容词修饰名词 kinds。5.At one time，I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I 9could be from them.(2016全国)freelyfree解析 此处应用

31、形容词作表语。6.Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very problem.seriouslyserious(2015全国)解析 名词前应该用形容词作定语。故 seriously 应改为 serious。7.I thought the biscuits were really .(2015陕西)wellgood解析 句意为：我认为饼干真的很好。good 作形容词，意为“好的” ，而 well 作形容词意为“健康的，适宜的” 。由句意可知此处应用 good。考向 2 词形变换之副词.单句语法填

32、空1.A taste for meat is actually(actual) behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.(2018全国)解析 句意为：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰整个句子。故填 actually。2.Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly(fair) unpleasant for the passen

33、gers，with all the smoke and noise.(2017全国)解析 所填词修饰形容词 unpleasant，故用 fair 的副词形式 fairly。3.It is certainly(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.(2017全国)解析 此处应该用副词来修饰形容词 fun。certain 的副词形式为 certainly。4.From tomorrow，I will be their UK ambassador.The title will be officially(official) given t

34、o me at a ceremony in London.(2016全国)解析 修饰谓语动词应当用副词。5.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually(gradual) turned into chopsticks.(2016全国)解析 此处应用副词修饰动词。6.Chinese scientists recently(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.(2016四川)解析 空格处修饰动词短语 h

35、ad a chance，应用副词。recent 的副词形式是 recently。7.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly(regular) 10arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)解析 空格处修饰谓语动词 arrange，要用副词形式 regularly。8.Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot da

36、ys and give out that heat slowly(slow)during cool nights，thus warming the house.(2015全国)解析 修饰谓语动词 give out，因此要用副词形式。9.He owned a farm，which looked almost abandoned.Luckily(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(2015广东)解析 第二句句意为：幸运的是，他还有一头奶牛，每天都能产奶。luckily adv.幸运的是，这里用副词修饰整个句子。.单句改错(

37、每小题仅有 1 处错误)1. ，I raised my hand.(2018全国)ImmediateImmediately解析 此处要用副词在句中作状语修饰整个句子，故把 immediate 改为 immediately。2.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and other animals.Last winter when I went again，they had a heretherebig separate house to raise dozens of chi

38、ckens.(2018全国)解析 去乡下看望爷爷奶奶，应该是“远指”而非“近指” ，故把 here 改为 there。3.Instead，he hopes that his business will grow .(2016全国)steadysteadily解析 修饰谓语动词用副词。4.Dad and I were worried.(2015全国)terribleterribly解析 worried 为形容词化了的过去分词，修饰形容词应该用副词，所以将 terrible 改为terribly。5.On the left-hand side of the class，I could see th

39、e football easyeasilyfield.(2015浙江)解析 修饰动词 see 要用副词，故将 easy 改为 easily。考向 3 形容词和副词的比较等级.单句语法填空1.There could be an even higher(high) cost on your health.(2018浙江)解析 “副词 even比较级”表示“更” ，强调程度。2.According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years longer(long) than non-runners.(2

40、018全国)11解析 医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活三年。根据 than 可知用比较级，故填 longer。3.As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.Even worse(bad)，the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017全国)解析 根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式。even worse 更糟的是，可以看作固定搭配。4.Sixteen years earlier(early

41、)，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.(2017浙江)解析 sixteen years earlier 意为“早在 16 年前” 。5.If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别) those of greater(great) and less importance.(2016全国)解析 根据后面的 and less 可知，此处也要用比较级形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)

42、1.They often get up and water the vegetables together.(2017全国)earlierearly解析 此处叙述他们经常早起这一事实，没有比较的意思，故不用比较级。2.They were also the best and years in my life.(2016全国)worseworst解析 与前面的 best 并列，此处应用最高级。3.The dishes that I cooked were Moms .(2016四川)favoritestfavorite解析 favorite 没有比较级和最高级。4.My mum makes the

43、 biscuits in the world，so I decided to ask her for betterbesthelp.(2015陕西)解析 前面有定冠词 the，后面有表示范围的 in the world，所以应该用形容词的最高级，故将 better 改为 best。考向 4 易混淆形容词、副词与特殊结构中的副词.单句语法填空1.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017浙江)解析 分析句子结构可知，so 与后面的 that 构成句型 so.that.，意为“如此以

44、至于” 。so 修饰副词 loudly。2.It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I 12didnt care.A few hours before/earlier，Id been at home in Hong Kong，with its choking smog.(2015全国)解析 由语境可知，几个小时之前我还在香港的家中，由此可知 before/earlier 符合句意。.单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误)1.I was so much nervous that I could ha

45、rdly tell which direction was left.(2017全国)解析 这句话中含有 so.that.(如此以至于)结构，故 much 在此处是多余的。2.A few minutes ，the instructor asked me to stop the car.(2017全国)latelater解析 “一段时间later”表示“多长时间之后” ，是固定用法。3. rare animals are dying out.(2015全国)MuchMany解析 animals 为可数名词复数形式，所以用 many 修饰；much 只能修饰不可数名词。故将Much 改为 Many

46、。4.He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.(2015全国)解析 此处为 so.that.句式，所以 much 前用副词 so 修饰。故删除 very。5.Nearly five years ，and with the help of our father，my sister and I beforeagoplanted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden.(2014新课标全国)解析 相对于说话时以前用 ago；相对于过去的某个时间或动作之前才用 befo

47、re。故将before 改为 ago。6.As a result，the plants are growing .(2014新课标全国)somewhereeverywhere解析 somewhere 意为“某处” ，而句意为“植物到处生长” ，故 somewhere 应改为everywhere。7.The early morning barking has been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. ，Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a BesideBesid

48、esday.(2014辽宁)解析 此处表示“此外，而且” ，应用 besides。beside 在旁边。8.We dont need to do so homework.(2014新课标全国)manymuch解析 homework 是不可数名词，修饰不可数名词用 much 不用 many。13.单句语法填空1.He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was healthy(health).2.It might have made it a little harder(hard) for eve

49、rybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didnt stop the kids in the class.3.Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a homeless(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggars cheek，and left a 100-dollar bill to him.4.The more we do for the people，the happier(happy) well be.5.The lyrics of the songs make rap music trul