备战2019年高考英语考点一遍过考点05介词和介词短语（含解析）.doc

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1、1考点 05 介词和介词短语高考频度： 【命题解读】介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。【命题预测】预计 2019 年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。【复习建议】1. 掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析；2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语；3. 掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。介词的分类分类 特点 例词简单介词 即一个介词about, a

2、cross, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 等等。合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within短语介词 由短语构成according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 等等。双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 等等。分词介词 由现在分词

3、转化而来considering(就而论), including，regarding，concerning 等。兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite 等等。2考向 介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能 例 句作定语 They didnt find the solution to the problem.作状语We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late f

4、or the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.作宾语补足语 I found the old building in a bad condition.考向 常考介词的辨析介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠

5、词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念 介词（短语） 区 别 例 inonatat 在一个时间点上；in 在一段的时间之内；on 在具体日子。at 8 oclock, at noonin the 1990s, in Januaryon Monday, on a warm morning时间sincefromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from 指从时间的某一点We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercis

6、es from today.3开始。in,afterin 指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the endat the end ofby the end ofin the end 作最后、终于解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示在末梢，到尽头，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体，不可单独使用；

7、by the end of 作在结束时，到末为止解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.betweenamong一般说来，between 表示两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。You

8、are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.位置 注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high 4用 between。 mountains.They dont know the difference betwee

9、n wheat, rice and coin.inontoin 表示在某范围内；on 指与什么毗邻；to 指在某环境范围之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.oninon 只表示在某物的表面上，而用 in 表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper. There is an interesting article in thenewspaper. He dug a hol

10、e in the wall.inintoin 通常表示位置（静态）；into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。We walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关；across 则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与 on 有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corneron the cornerat the in the corner 表示在角落里，in 指角的内面；o

11、n the corner 表示在角上，on 指的不是内面，也不是外面，而The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the 5corner 含内外兼有之意；at the corner 指在拐角处，at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides 指除了还有，再加上；except 指除了，减去什么，不能放在句首。but 与 except 意思近似，表示除了外经常用在 no,

12、all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示如无就，只是表明理由细节。All went out besides me. All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念 构成 例 at+名词at dinner/table 在吃饭 at work 在工作 at war 交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work

13、在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest 在休息 school 在上学 at press 正在排印at church 在做礼拜动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）beyond+名词beyond belief 难以置信 beyond control 不听管教。beyond compare 无可比拟 beyond description 难以形容beyond expression 无法表达 beyond suspicion 无可怀疑6in+名词或 in +名词+of+名词in the army 在当兵 in need of 需要 in action在运转in progress 在进行 in op

14、eration 在运行中 in use开始使用 in sight 看得见 in store 贮藏着in course of construction 正在兴建当中。 in (good) repair 维修良好的in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 in charge of 负责in the charge of 由负责 in possession of 拥有in the possession of 被拥有on+名词on business 办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch 值班 on duty 值勤/日on guar

15、d 在值勤 on strike 在罢工on sale 出售 on loan 借贷on the march 在行军 on trial 在试用 on the air 在广播 on fire 在燃烧on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on show/display/ exhibition 在展出under+名词under control 在控制之中 under discussion 在讨论underdevelopment 在发展中 under observation 在观察中under test 在被测试 under construction 在建设中under fire 在炮火中 unde

16、r examination7在检查/调查中under consideration 在考虑中 under repair 在修理中under arrest 被逮捕 under attack 受到袭击under medical treatment 在治疗中 under study 在研究中其他against ones opinion 反对某人的见解for ones opinion 同意某人的见解above reproach 无可指责，无可非议 above suspicion 不受怀疑above criticism 无可指责at the mercy of 在支配下；任由摆布for sale 供出售 f

17、or rent 供出租 within sight 看得见1.（2017新课标卷 I短文改错）At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, butandhe agreed.【答案】删除 for【解析】时间名词有 every，each，last 等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除 for。2. （2017新课标卷 III语法填空）I was searching _67_ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observi

18、ng.【答案】for3.（2017北京单项填空）Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by【答案】B【解析】句意：许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词 in,不用 by,因为 by 后面通常接做什么事情来谋生，此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里，在这个行业里谋生，用 in，故选 B。84.（2017江苏单项填空）Determining where we are _ our surroundings remains an essential skill

19、 for our survival.A. in contrast to B. in defense ofC. in face of D. in relation to【答案】D 5. （2017 北京单项填空）When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _ trees that are over 1,000 years old.A. among B. against C. behind D. below【答案】A【解析】句意：当你开车穿过加利福尼亚的红木森林时，你将会穿梭于超过千年历史的树木之间。b

20、e among 位于之间；be against 反对；be behind 在后面；be below 在之下。根据句意，故选 A。6. （2017新课标 II 卷语法填空）It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _crowds_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _62_ work.【答案】A from【解析】考查介词，to and from 来回，故填 from。2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容

21、词 搭配 意义(be) absent from 缺席absent(be) absent in 不在这里而在(be) afraid of 担心afraid(be) afraid for 为而担心(be) angry with sb. 对某人生气angry(be) angry at/about sth. 因某事而生气(be)anxious for sth 急于想得到anxious(be)anxious about sth./sb. 对某事/某人担心9(be) different from 与不同different(be) different to 不关心(be) familiar with 精通，

22、熟悉familiar(be) familiar to 为熟知（悉）(be) good at 擅长于(be) good for 对有益good(be) good to 对友好/态度好(be) popular with sb. 受欢迎popular(be) popular for 因而流行(be) strict with sb. 对某人要求严格strict(be) strict in sth. 对某事要求严格3容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类 型 举 例差一冠词，大相径庭in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the cha

23、rge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能）at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词serve the people 为

24、人民服务（容易在 serve 后加 for） enter the room 进入房间（容易在 enter 后加 into）follow me 跟在我后面（容易在 follow 后加 behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在 marry 后加 with）go abroad 出国（容易在 go 后面加 to） 10live upstairs 住在楼上（容易在 live 后面加 in）母语思维，误用介词be caught in the rain 被雨淋着（不用 by） leave for some place 动身去某地（不用 to）set an example to sb.为某人树立榜

25、样（不用 for） in the direction 朝着方向（不用 to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用 to） different from 和不同（不用 with）with the help of 在的帮助下（不用 under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用 of）read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用 for）【难点释疑】一、常用介词辨异1. about，on，of 关于on 多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于学术上的论文或演说等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有论及之意。 about 表示的内容多为普遍、不

26、那么正式，有述及之意。of 作关于讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about 意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词 know、hear、learn（听说） 、speak、talk、think、tell 等连用。 2. except，except for，except that，but，besides，beside except除之外，指不包括，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格） ，还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于 but，但不定式常不带 to。 except for除了，只有，意思和 except 一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上

27、加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。 except that除了，只是，意思和 except、except for 一样。但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接 when、where 等词引导的其他从句。 but 所含除外的意思不如 except 明确。but 多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。 besides 表示除外还有，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides 可用作副词，相当于 also，有而且，加之，何况之意。 11beside 也是介词，表示在附近，只不过形似 besides，容易相互混淆。 如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用 except，否则就用 e

28、xcept for。3. including，included including 是一个介词，意为包括，它一般放在包括对象的前面。 included 是一个过去分词，意为包括。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。 4. in，later，during 都与时段名词搭配 in 作介词，同时段名词搭配，即in + 时段名词，一般用于将来时。 later 表示以后，常同时段名词搭配，即时段名词 + later，常与过去时连用。 during 作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即during + 时段名词，常与现在时或将来时等连用。5. in，with，by 用 with 通常指用具体的或有形的工

29、具、器官等，有时也表示用某种手段、音调等。 by 作介词表示用时，一般指用方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。 in 指用语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。二、介词的省略1. 当表示时间的词前有 this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all 等时，介词常省略。Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作每一解时，前面不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。3

30、. 习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spend money/time (in) doing sth，waste money/time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth 等。三、介词不可遗漏的情况1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词 easy，hard，difficult，comfortable 等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的

31、地点时，介词不能遗漏。 The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。123. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。 Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。4. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从

32、句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。 The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我 们 经 常 去 的 那 个 图 书 馆离 我 们 的 学 校 不 远 。5. 在 too.to.， enough. to.， so. as to.等 结 构 中 ， 含 有 不 及 物 动 词 的 不 定 式 作 结 果 状语 ， 构 成 不 定 式 的 动 词 为 不 及 物 动 词 ， 且 该 动 词 与 主 语 构 成 动 宾 关 系 或 主 语 为 不 定 式 动 作 发 生 的 地 点时 ， 介 词 不 能 遗

33、漏 。The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰 太 薄 了 ， 不 能 在 上 面 滑 。题组一 基础过关单句改错1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday._2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work. _3. The biggest problem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed. _4. Only a few months

34、 ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century. _5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country. _6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not. _7. The boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age. _8. I just c

35、ouldnt laugh to his jokes the way I used to. _13题组二 能力提升I.单项填空1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never judge a person simply _ the first impression.A.in the form of B. with the help ofC. on the basis of D.in case of2.It was quite_ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night.

36、A. against B. overC. beyond D. above3. _ our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground.A. Beyond B. ForC. Despite D. By4.Sometimes its tough to get off the couch and go for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep_?A.in turn B.in shapeC.in r

37、eturn D.in charge5.I feel that one of my main duties _a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.A. for B. likeC.as D. with6.These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of7.Most people work b

38、ecause its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion8.A common memory they all have_ their school days is the school uniform.A. of B. on C. to D. with149.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only w

39、ay for us to survive is to live_nature.A. in view of B. in need of C.in touch with D. in harmony with10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.A. thanks to B. regardless of C. aside from D. but forII.语篇填空As I walked _1_the city streets，I passed a young man searchi

40、ng through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone _2_him would be searching through rubbish. Finding this a little odd，I asked him，What are you searching _3_？ He replied very simply that he was looking for money.After talking _4_him for a

41、 little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid _5_ from his job. Since then，he had been working _6_ part-time jobs in a doctors office and in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little d

42、irty.I told him that our thoughts create our reality， and I suggested that he not give _7_ and think _8_ a positive way. During the whole talk，what I stressed was that he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didnt respond _9_ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to ha

43、ve an effect _10_ him.题组三 体验真题1. （2018新课标卷 II完形填空）I still cant believe what a coincidence it was. Im just so glad I was there _60_ to help my son.A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose2. （2018 新课标卷 II短文改错） They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwill

44、ing to play the games for them sometimes.3. （2018北京卷单项填空） Good morning, Mr. Lees office. Good morning. Id like to make an appointment _ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at154. （2018江苏卷单项填空）Chinas soft power grows _ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally.A. in

45、line with B. in reply toC. in return for D. in honour of5. Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went _.A. at first B. after allC. above all D. at random6.（2017天津单项填空）We offer an excellent education to our students. _, we expect students to work hard.A. On average B. At best C. In return D. After all7.（2017天津完形填空） My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 25 a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.A. in search of B. in need of C. in place of D. in support of8. （2017新课标 I 卷语法填空） There ha