备战2019年高考英语考点一遍过考点02名词（含解析）.doc

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1、1考点 02 名词高考频度： 【命题解读】名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考题我们不难看出，名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数） 、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中，名词常结合其他项目一起考查，考查题型以短文改错、完形填空、语法填空为主。【命题预测】预计 2019 年的高考名词在完形填空、短文改错及语法填空中仍会占有重要地位。【复习建议】在学习过程中，要掌握常用名词的基本用法，注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结，做题时要结合语境。考向一 可数名词的复数

2、(1)规则变化情况 方法 例词一般情况 加sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以 s，x，ch，sh 结尾 加esglasses，dishes，boxes，watches但 stomach 复数形式直接加 s，即stomachs以辅音字母y 结尾 变 y 为 i 再加es families，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母y 结尾 加s boys，toys，pianos，photos大都变 f 或 fe 为 v，再加esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives以 f 或 fe 结尾少数加s beliefs，proof

3、s，roofs，chiefs以 o 结尾 通常加s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos2有的加es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes注意：以o 结尾的下列名词要加es，它们是黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o 结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以f 或fe 结尾的下列名词需要把 f 或 fe 去掉，加ves，它们是为了自己活命，小偷和他的

4、妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。但下列以f 结尾的名词既可以去掉 f 加ves，也可以直接加s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。名词前有 man 或 woman 修饰，变复数时，作定语的 man 或 woman 和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer 鹿；series 系列；means

5、方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中 fish，fruit 表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即 fishes，fruits。自身有特殊变化的名词child 孩子children man 男人men tooth 牙teeth foot 脚，英尺feet mouse 老鼠mice phenomenon 现象phenomena medium 传播媒介media1.（ 2018全 国 新 课 标 卷 I语 法 填 空 ） Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66that/which

6、 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause).【答案】causes 2.（ 2018全 国 新 课 标 卷 I短 文 改 错 ） Last winter when I went here（ 改 为 there） again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chicken 改为 chickens3【解析】考查名

7、词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的 dozens of 可知，其后用名词复数形式。3. （ 2017全 国 新 课 标 卷 I语 法 填 空 ） This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community

8、was trying to fight.【答案】effects 4.（ 2016全 国 新 课 标 卷 I语 法 填 空 ） Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract). The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being

9、bottle-fed, 70(the) other is with mum she never suspects.61.【答案】attraction【解析】考查名词。 形容词 top 后面跟名词形式。69.【答案】days【解析】考查名词复数。few 修饰复数名词。考向二 不可数名词具体化(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice 建议， furniture 家具， fun 乐趣；information 信息，news新闻， weather 天气， progress 进步，wealth 财富，value 价值等。(2)不可数名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可

10、以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义success 成功 成功的人或事pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物danger 危险 危险的人或因素4delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。物质名词具

11、体化drink 饮料two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee 咖啡a coffee 一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发a hair 一根头发抽象名词与 a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。考向三 名词所有格(1)s 所有格用 and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加s 或 ；表示共同

12、的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s 或 。Toms and Jims rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。Tom and Jims room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。at the barbers 在理发店at the teachers 在老师办公室(2)of 所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用 of 所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of 所有格。the content of the novel 小说的内容the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字(3)双重所

13、有格指名词of名词所有格或名词of名词性物主代词。5a play of Shakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)1. （ 2018全 国 新 课 标 卷 II短 文 改 错 ） When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】Fridays 改为 Friday。2.The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours

14、D. a four hours【答案】D【解析】 s 属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加s，如果该名词词尾已有-s 或-es，则是在其后加“ “。故选D。考向四 名词的语法功能1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your

15、 elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。6Do you still ask y

16、our parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语Its a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。 （职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用

17、单数形式。college students 大学生 girl friend 女友 vegetable garden 菜园 basketball match 篮球赛Lets stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。students books 学生用书 Chinas capital 中国的首都 the worlds population 世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman 作定语ma

18、n，woman，gentleman 作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop 服装商店 sales department 营业部 a good

19、s train 货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department 外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center 学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant 习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker 习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。7women drivers 女司机 the womans dr

20、iver 这位妇女的司机girl friend 女朋友 the girls friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue 母语 mothers tongue 母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里Your suitcase weighs 10 kilog

21、rams. 你的手提箱重 10 千克。考点五 疑难名词比较与辨析1.force; energy; strength; powerforce 表示力、力量的意思。指为做或实现某事而实际运用的力量。He overcame his bad habits by force of will.毅力使他克服了自己身上的不良习惯。Those people are the progressive forces in the society. 这些人是社会的进步力量。energy 主要强调精力，指用来做某事或完成某事的能力。还可以指能源。Young people usually have more energy

22、than the old. 青年人通常此老年人精力充沛。Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of energy. 很多国家正在提高天然气、风以及其他能源形式的利用。strength 表示力的意思。指做事情的-种内在能力。就人而育，着重指力气；就物而言，着重指强度潜力等。He lifted the stone with all his strength.他使出全身力气举起了那块石头。The side man hasnt got enough strength to get out

23、 of bed. 那位病人还没有足够的力气下床。power 表示 能力、能量、动力的意思。指身体上、心理上和道德上的能力(不管是否发挥出)。Knowledge is power.知识就是力 量。I shall do everything in my power to help you.我将尽我的能力帮助你。2.manner; means; method; waymanner 表示方式、方法的意思。指个人喜欢采用的方式。The manner of their meeting makes a good story. 他们相见的方式似乎有些传奇色彩。He has developed his own

24、manner of acting. 它形成了自己独特的演出风格。means 表示方法、手段 、工具的意思。8Students sometimes support themselves by means of evening job. 学生有时通过晚上打工的方法来养活自己。The quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的旅行工具是飞机。Have you the means to support a family? 你有维持家的方法没有?method 指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理。His idea is all right, but

25、he lacks method.他的想法不错，但是缺少方法。He is a man of method.他是个有条理的人。method of teaching 教学方法 method of study 学习方法Roasting is one method of cooking meat. 烤是做肉的一种方法。way 是最通用的词，也是最不正式的词，本义是通道、通路，引申作方式、方法讲，含义很广。In this way over several days, the artist and his mice became friends. 就这样过了几天，这位艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。Look !

26、 Work on it in this way. 看!像这样搞它。My parents always let me have my own way of living.At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways【答案】D。3.cost; price; value; worth; expensecost 表示成本、费用的意思。 原指生产某种物品的成本 ，包括生产中所支付的原料和劳动。一般要低于售价，有时也可

27、用来泛指价格。也可用于借喻，指所付出的代价，甚至生命。As a result, costs will be reduced by as much as 90%. 因此，成本将会降低 90% 之多。China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut the costs of making the 9newspaper. 中国日报刊登大量广告有助于降低报纸生产的成本。price 表示价格、价钱、定价的意思。 指经营商品出售的单价，通常要高于商品的出厂成本。也用于借喻，指做某事所付出的代价。Can you try to get th

28、em to bring down the price? 你能把价格讲下来吗?They can sell their beef at a high price in the capital. 他们可以在首都以高价出售他们的牛肉。value 表示价值、价格。指我们所估计一件东西的价值，因此是不能 以金钱估价的。Instead, they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern world, the value of having good friends

29、 and so on. 他们现在再一次写常人常事现代世界中的孤独感及交好朋友的价值等等。The park is good value for the money.公园花这么多钱值得。worth 意思是价值。指东西本身的真正价值，是经久不变的，是可贵的。It was worth five hundred francs at the most.它最多值 500 法郎。He asked me how much this computer was worth. 他问我这台计算机值多少钱。expense 意思是费用、支出、开销，指花费金钱、时间和精力。We travelled to France at

30、our own expense. 我们自费去法国旅行了。Do you know at whose expense your visit to Japan will be?你 知道谁将担负你访问日本的费用吗?4.land; ground; soil; earthland 表示陆地、土地、地，是河流和海洋的相对用语。用于指土地或土壤时，着重指它的性质、用途等。有时泛指大地，也可作国家、地产讲。The rocky soil has been turned into rich land.岩石地已变成了沃土。But some people dont want good farm land to be b

31、uilt on. 但是有些人不愿意把好的农田用来修建厂房。To the sea captains surprise, he found that land travel could also be quite pleasant. 使那位船长吃惊的是，他发现陆地旅行也很愉快。ground(n. )表示地、土地的意思。主要指大地表面，也可以指土壤、场地。也可用于借喻指根据、理由。He learnt how to clean rough ground before planting crops. 他学会了在种植作物之前如何拾掇毛糙的土地。Then the Class 2 runner dropped

32、 his stick on the ground when he was passing it on to the 10fourth runner.然而，当二班运动员传给第四棒时，接力棒掉在地上了。soil 表示土壤、土地，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。When the plants are in the ground, Ill put some powder on the soil.当植物种到地里时，我将给地里撒些粉剂。He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤环境。earth 表示地、地球、泥土，着重指大地，以别于天

33、空。作泥土解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩石。Later, in a few weeks time Ill put the little plants in the earth. 几星期后，我将把小植物埋在泥土里。5.practice; exercise; training; drillpractice; exercise; training; drill 都表示练习、训练的意思。training 表示训练、培养、教练、锻炼的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训练等。These football players had no strict training until they jo

34、ined our club.这些足球队员直到加入我们俱乐部才受到严格的训练。The athlete is in training.这个运动员锻炼得好。The home training of children is the first class social problem. 儿童的家庭教育是社会的头等问题。exercise 主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的练习或体格锻炼。The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 书中有一系列按难易排列的练习适于初学者应用。You need

35、 more outdoor exercise.你需要多进行户外运动。practice 主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的 练习或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的 实践。More practice will make you speak with greater fluency. 多练习会使你口语更流利。The integration of theory and practice is one of the basic points of Marxism. 理论和实践的统一是马克思主义的基本论点之一。drill 表示操练、训练的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。Lets do some

36、 pattern drills.咱们做些句型练习吧。The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard.士兵们在营场上操练。6.sign; signal; mark; symbol11sign 表示 符号、记号、招牌等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简单的、随意制定的代表物。Letters are signs used to represent sounds.字母是用来代表声音的符号。Youll see the sign for the rest rooms.你将看到休息室的指示牌。signal 表示 暗号、信号的意思。有时是有意的;有时是

37、无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。There the electrical signal is changed back into sound. 在那儿电信号又变成声音。mark 表示 痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动词时，表示标明、作记号的意思。He got full marks in his maths test. 他在数学测试中得了满分。Each stone was marked with a number. 每个石头上都标明号码。symbol 表示 象征的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意义的事

38、物。a good luck symbol 好运气的象征The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 狮子被看作百兽之王，是因为它是勇气与权利的象征。1. （2018天津卷单项填空）The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. orderC. possibility

39、 D. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice 建议；B. order 命令；C. possibility 可能性；D. invitation 邀请。故选C。2. The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they dont give you any direct_.A.solution B.target C.measure D.function【答案】A123.（2017 年新课标 I 卷完形填空）

40、Before the school year 47 (ended) ,I gave the kids a special 48 , T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49 ” on them. I had advised the kids that while verbs（动词）may seem dull ,most of the 50(fun) things they do.48.A.lesson B. gift C. report D. message49. A. Friends B. Awards C. Masters D. Tasks48.

41、【答案】B 【解析】考查名词辨析，A.lesson 课，教训， B.gift 礼物， C.report 报告，D.message 信息，根据后文可知作者送给 Freddy 一件衬衫，即一个特殊的礼物，故选 B。49.【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A.Friends 朋友，B.Awards 奖， C.Masters 主人，D.Tasks 任务。衬衫上写着“动词是你的朋友”，故选 A。4. （2017 年北京卷完形填空） In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of

42、 51 .For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the 52 of young people to change the world.51. A. praises B. invitations C. replies D. appointments52. A. needs B. interests C. dreams D. efforts5 The accident caused some _ to my car，but its nothing serious.A. harm B. injury C. ruin D.

43、 damage【答案】D【解析】考查名词。damage 指使用价值遭到损坏， 这种损坏是部分性的，不是完全，根据语境it is 13nothing serious所以选 D。harm 指肉体上或精神上的伤害。injury 指人在事故中受伤。ruin 多用于借喻之中，经常指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。题组一（真题在线）1.（2018江苏）Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. associationC. acquisition D. as

44、sumption2.（2016天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 3.（2016江苏） _ Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full, definitely.A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt4.（2015湖北）When h

45、e was running after his brother, the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.A. balance B .chance C .memory D .place 5.（2015湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task. A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure 6.（2015安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer

46、now. Give it some _ and then let me know.A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority7.（2015江苏）Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.Id like to, but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _ .A. requests B. excuses C. apologies D. regrets148.（2015江苏）Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with th

47、e national soccer reform.A. judgments B. adjustments C. comments D. achievements9.（2015福建）The failure was a big _to him, but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.A. blow B. issue C. excuse D. Factor10.（2015浙江）One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with

48、 someone you trust.A. production B. stress C. energy D. passive题组二1.They have a 22:00 _. That is, they have to be in their dorm by 22:00 on school nights.A. limit B. entry C. schedule D. block2.To allow all students _to education, China has to increase education spending to 4.5 percent of GDP.A. access B. level C. account D. commitment3.It is believed that very little _has been made of the waste materials from factories in the past decades,