SAE AIR 938-1966 GUIDE FOR PREPARATION OF OPERATIONS MANUALS BY AIRFRAME MANUFACTURERS.pdf

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1、AEROSPACE AIR 938 . INFORMATION REPORT issea 8-15-66 SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS,.Inc. 485 Lexington Ave., NewYork, N.Y.10017: Revised da GUIDE FOR PREPARATION OF OPER,ATIONS MANUALS,BY AIRFRAME MANUFACTURERS m _ C._ N - 0l 7 y N t C W + . r 1. PURPOSE - The purpose of this information report ia

2、 to provide a guide for airframe manufacturers to a$ a use in the preparation of opera.tions manua.ls to be used by flight deck crews. for safe and efficient aircrafG d ;, operation. w .cE . “ L 2. INTRODUCTION - It is reco ed tha.t the Federal Aviation enc FAA A roved Ai lane F1 ht t Y ) PP TP ; Ma

3、nua.l esta.blishes and specifies the certificate limitations, normal and emergency operating procedures E d for each aircraft. Tha.t this manual muat be prepared in accorda.nce with FAA regulation and format is z= ;, E a also known. In addition to the data supplied in the FAA Approved Flight Manual,

4、 airframe manufacturers a need to support the operators with detailed information for the safe and efficient operation of the aircraft. ;= o_ This supplemental information is conta.ined in an airplane operations ma.nual. This general guide is pro- 9=“ vided to assist the aircraft manufacturer in pre

5、paring a useful and complete operations manual for effi- do _; cient opera.tion of his aircra.ft. Variations in size, type, and complexity of aircra.ft will, of neceseity, dA E 0 dicta.te the deletion and/or inclusion of some items in the guide for specific purposes. o p a H o v 3. SCOPE - The opera

6、tiona manua.l should cover the aircra.ft and systems description, operational pro- , E= cedures (normal and abnormal), and operational performance of the aircraft in a form usable by the flight , u II = o ._ crew. auy v:;o DE E - Coverage should be limited to information that is used in flight. By e

7、limi.na.ting reference to ground pro- J o cedures (except preflight responsibilities), many system procedures such as engine trimming, ground run “ check, etc. can be elimina.ted. The empha.sis then centers on in-flight procedures. The depth of system Q coverage in the manual is determined by examin

8、; the controls and equipment readily available to the a;, ; flight crew in flight. System coverage is “as required“ since it is presented from “what you do when. “. or “how can you do .“ This policy also results in maxunum “wheat“ and minimum “chaff“ in the NOm in L manual. The manual contains what

9、is needed and usable, not a blanket system coverage. ad y r o g The manual should be aimed at in-flight use by qualified crew members. The flight crew receives initia.l y= o ground and flight training in a comparatively short and concentra.ted period and then operates the aircraft a a for years. The

10、refore, an operations manual should be composed of material to be used by a qualified ddo m;, crew man. Material, such as basic power plant, basic electrical, etc. , should be a training supplement m L C mN and not a pa.rt of the opera.tions manual. Obviously, the operations manual is a major portio

11、n of the . a training program. After qualification, however, the supplemental information can be left at home. Q;, ad Another advantage is the reduced bulk which allows a crew member to ra.pidly find specific information in ; tihe manual. This is no amall item, since time is usually a factor when th

12、e crew seeks information from c a a manual in flight. =r: . a, Information should be written using an “opera.tional“ approach that is practical to use. The coverage sup- o plied by the aircraft manufacturer should be “pra.ctically“ usable in flight, considering not only the system dyw. 2 s involved

13、but also the ability of an average crew member to remember the procedura.l philosophy, flow o ; pattern of control manipulation, and ability to complete many procedures during the critical phases m (takeoff and landing) of flight. d UO Vi L a Material should be logically laid out and easily found. A

14、 wealth of information contained in a manual is j U “ useless unless it can be readil found a crew member in fl ht under adverse conditions. The size of W = , Y b3 va,.=_ s the manual is not the prime consideration but is neverthelese a consideration. Previously listed policies , of providing operat

15、ional information usa.ble in flight by qualified crew members provide the major con- tribution to meeting this objective. Copyright 1966 by Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. -2- The FAA approved flight ma.nua.l may be inserted in the operations manual if desired by the operator.

16、 Tab dividers will be provided-by the manufacturer for this purpose. 4. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS - The opera.tions manual should be prepared as follows: 4. 1 Size - The manual pages should be no larger than 8-1/2 x il inches. 4. 2 Te -he pages should be typewritten, usi.ng standa.rd elite or compara.bl

17、e type face and carbon ribbon. Tect material shouid be typed in double column, single spaced format. Pages containing text ma.terial should use 9-point type size as a minimum. Component identifica- tion or operationa.l information used on illustrations should be proportioned to the rest of the mater

18、ia.l on the page. Printing with royal blue inli will provide maximum clarity when read under cockpit lighting condi- tions. 4. 3 Page lormat - Ea.cln pa.ge of materia.l should contain a representa.tive manual mast head in the upper center of the page. Each page should also contain a section, page nu

19、mber, and date located on the lower outside corner of the page. The section title should be located in the upper outside corner of the page. The page da.ta., including an identifying code number, can be located on the lower inside corner of the page for revision service identification. All section n

20、umbers and page numbering should be in ara.bic numerals. A sample is attached. 4. 4 Mamxal Binding - The pages should be edge-punched with 7 holes arra.nged 3-1-3 for binding in an adequate binder. The binder should be large enough to accommoda.te the operations manual and FAA flight manual. 5. ARRA

21、NGEMENT 5. 1 Sections -he opera.tions manual should contain section ta.b dividers entitled with the subject of each section a,nd arrangecl as described herein. Four of the ta.bs designate the location for in- sertion of the FAR appxoved ma.nual sections if the opera.tor so desires. Tab Color Section

22、 No. Subject - 0 PREFACE Yellow 1 FAA LIMITATIONS (Reaerved for insertion of FAA Manual Section) Red 2 FAA EMEftGENCY PROCEDURES (Reserved for insertion of FAA Manua.l Section) Orange 2A ABNORMAL PROCEDURES Yellow 3 FAA NORMAL PROCEDURES (Reserved for insertion of FAA Manual Section) Yellow 3A AMPLI

23、FIED NORMAL PftOCEDURES -3- 5. 1 Sections (Continued) Tab Color Section No. Subject Yellow 4 FAA CERTIFIED PERFORMANCE (Reserved for insertion of FAA Manual Section) Yellow 4A OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE White 4A-1 Flight Planning (including diversion) White 4A-2 Takeoff, Climb and Cruise White 4A-3 Hol

24、di.ng, Descent and La.nding White 4A-4 Engine-Out Performance White 4A-5 Supplemental Performance Information Yellow 5 Air Conditioning and Pressurization Yellow 6 Auxiliary Systems (including APU, water and waste) Yellow 7 Communications and Navigation (including A/P, Flt. Inst. ) Yellow 8 Electric

25、al (includi.ng lighting) Yellow 9 Emergency Equipment (including Oxygen, Fire Protection, and Warni.ng System) Yellow 10 Hydraulic Systems (including L. G: and Flight Controls) Yellow 11 Ice and Rain Protection Yellow 12 Power Plant (including Fuel and Bleed Air) Other sections may be added as the n

26、eed arises. 6. COVERAGE - The FAA approved flight manual, together with the operations manual, will provide the operator with completely detailed information and procedures for the safe and efficient operation of the airplane. Coverage within each section, other than the FAA approved flight manual,

27、is described briefly as follows: 6. 1 Section 0, Preface - This section includes an introduction to the manual, instructions on its use, intent and scope of the information and a general aircraft description. 6. 2 Section2A, AbnormalProcedures - The abnormal procedures in this section are those that

28、 re- quire immediate crew action to either countera.ct major system malfunctions or prevent an emer- gency condition developing, such as loss of hydraulic fluid, in-flight engine sta.rt, la.nding with one or more landing gear retracted, etc. Passenger and crew evacuation procedures should be con- ta

29、.ined in this section. Certain necessary information regarding actions to be performed after the emergency no longer exists is found in this section, such as procedures to be followed a,fter an engine fire has been extinguished in flight or after an electrical fire ha.s been isolated. These procedur

30、es are ab- _= norxnal because, even though the emergency has been taken care of, the airplane is in an ab- normal condition and effort must be made to restore as much of a normal condition as possible. -4- 6. 3 Section 3A, Amplified Normal Procedures - This section contains all of the normal procedu

31、res necessary for the flight crew to operate the airplane from the preflight inspection to the shut- dowa of the engines after a complete flight in a normal “nothing wrong“ manner. The presenta.- tion includes an amplified checklist that the opera.tor can use to prepare his condensed version checkli

32、st for line use. All prncedures should be presented in the normal flight sequence. Since the primary purpose of an opera.tions manual is an in-flight reference, the greatest use is to confirm “a number. “ The flight crews remember the procedure but the “number“ is not clear, so they refer to the ope

33、ra.tions manual. For this reason, one part of normal procedures should be used to list all the meaningful numbers needed by the crew in flight. For ease of location, it should be at the end of this section. Illustra,tions of flight procedures are very effective and should be used wherever practical

34、in showing proper management of power, landing gea.r, flaps, aircraft attitude, etc. , during normal ta.keoff, approach and landing. 6. 4 Section 4A, Operationa.l Performa.nce - This section includes performance data covering flight planning, climb, cruise, diversion, holding, descent, and landing.

35、Any other performance in- formation the manufacturer considers an aid to efficient flight operation should be conta.ined in the supplemental performance section. 6. 5 Sections 05 through 12 - The format used for system information in each system section must be the same. Ba.sically, the four parts o

36、f each system section should be: a. Additional procedures b. Controls and indicators c. Schematics d. Supplementa.l descriptions With this arrangement, the material is organized in somewhat the same manner it will be used by the flight crew in actual practice. For example, look for a procedure to ha

37、ndle the problem review function of controls and wha.t indicators showsystem responses to the specific control movement, and, finally, a written description, where needed, of the systems function responses. 6. 5. 1 Additiona.l Procedures - In addition to normal and emergency procedures, there are ma

38、ny “additiona.l“ procedures tha.t can be provided for the crew in flight. These procedures are for handling situations not outlined under the normal or emergency procedures sections. Some examples would be: a. Alternate procedures to use when specific components are inoperative. b. Abnormal response

39、s when using normal procedures. c. Steps to takewhen a warning light or abnormal gauge indication is present that are not covered in normal, abnormal or emergency procedures. 6. 5. 2 Controls and Indicators - A clear a,ad exact illustration or pictu re is required for each instru- ment pa.nel or con

40、trol console showing each light, indicaor control, etc. , tha.t is available to the crew in flight. Each item has identifying and descriptive text, oriented by arrows. The text provides information such as: a. Name of item. b. Brief descrigtion of wha.t each control functionally does or indicator pr

41、esents. c. Location and placard of circuit breaker/fuse power source for an item where electrical power is involved. -5- 6. 5. 3 Schematics - Functiona.l schematics are illustra.tions which present what the system does in response to cockpit control operation. They are usually laid out in a“flow“ pa

42、ttern with cockpit controls and major components being readily recognizable and indicate “wha.t ha.ppens“ rather than only “how it works. “ It is also essential that they be simple enough to_ be used without frequent guida.nce or review. Illustrations to be functiona.l must meet several requirements

43、: a. Present what the system does as related to cockpit controls. When a control is posi- tioned by the crew, wha.t is the system reaction. b. Be functiona.11y laid out, with cockpit controls being readily recognized, in a“flow“ pattern. c. Indicate “what happens“ ra.ther than only showi.ng “how it

44、works. “ d. It must be simple enough to be used without frequent guida.nce or review. Minimizing signal line crossovers will contribute to this objective. 6. 5. 4 Supplemental Descriptions - With the use of functional schema.tics as the first platea.0 of system information, some supporti.ng descript

45、ive information may be needed. This is required where the functional schematic of a complex system is not self-supporting. In this case, an opera- tiona.l summary of wha.t the system does is needed. if any normal, alternate, or abnormal procedures covered in previous sections of the manual require e

46、laboration for knowledge background purposes or additional procedures are desirable for trouble analysis a.nd/or alleviation, then a concise written presentation of these are re- quired to complete the system visua.lization. 7. REVISIONS - The operations manual will be kept current for a designated

47、period of time by re- vision service. Two types of revision service will be used: a. A white page or formal revision will be made for large revisions and will be accom- panied by a transmittal page coveri.ng the highlights of the revision. b. The second type or yellow page revision is a permanent re

48、vision but is used for rapid notification and/or sma.11 (1 to 8 pages) revisions. The yellow page revision carries its own transmittal instructions. Indicate additions, revisions, or deletions by use of vertical cha.nge ba.rs on the outside edge of each page. 8. SUMMARY - The operations manual must

49、be written for qualified crew members to be used in flight. The major techniques used to accomplish these objectives are: a. Present normal procedures in the normal flight sequence. b. Locate allusefulin-flightnumbers at the end of the normal procedures section. c. Present those procedures requiring immediate corrective crew actfon in the abnormal procedures section. d. Present