NEMA C136 28-2006 Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment - Glass Lenses Used in Luminaires《道路和区域照明设备 灯具用的玻璃透镜》.pdf

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1、ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) Reaffirmation of ANSI C136.28-2006 American National Standard Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment Glass Lenses Used in Luminaires ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) Reaffirmation of ANSI C136.28-2006 American National Standard Road

2、way and Area Lighting Equipment Glass Lenses Used in Luminaires Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved July 6, 2006 Published September 30, 2011 Reaffirmed September 16, 2011 American National Standards Institute, Inc. DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was c

3、onsidered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. ANSI standards and

4、 guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA a

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7、anty or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to JXDUDQWHH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI DQ LQ

8、GLYLGXDO PDQXIDFWXUHU RU VHOOHUV SURGXFWV RU VHUYLFHV Evirtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by an

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12、ement. Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Rosslyn, VA 22209 Copyright 2011 by National Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights reserved including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Co

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14、nited States of America. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of th

15、e ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted ef

16、fort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conf

17、orming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in th

18、e name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National

19、Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) v13 2 2

20、4 This page intentionally left blank. ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) 3 5 CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 2 Informative references 2 3 Definitions . 2 4 Materials requirements 4 5 Impact strength . 4 6 Thermal shock resistance . 5 7 Tempered (breakage properties) 5 8 Test methods and visual inspection 5 ANSI C136.28-2

21、006 (R2011) v15 2 2 4 1 Scope This standard covers flat and molded glass of soda-lime and borosilicate materials used as lenses for roadway and area lighting luminaires. This standard includes definitions, criteria, and test methods for mechanical and impact strength, thermal shock resistance, and t

22、emper for both materials. 2 Informative references This standard is intended for use in conjunction with the following publications. The latest edition of the publication applies (including amendments). ASTM C162-04, Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products ASTM C1036-01, Standard Specificat

23、ion for Flat Glass ASTM C1048-04, Standard Specification for Heat-treated Flat GlassKind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass IEC 60598, Luminaires UL 1598, Luminaires, Second Edition, 2004 3 Definitions 3.1 Glass treatments 3.1.1 Annealed glass Glass that has been subjected to a controlled cooling

24、 process designed to reduce residual thermal stresses to acceptable levels. 3.1.2 Chemically strengthened glass Glass that has been subjected to an ion exchange process to produce a compressive stress layer at the treated surface. 3.1.3 Heat strengthened glass Glass that has been subjected to a ther

25、mal process followed by a rapid cooling process to produce a compressive stress layer at the surface which is considerably less than the magnitude of that produced by tempering. Heat strengthened glass is approximately twice the strength of comparable annealed glass. 3.1.4 Tempered glass Glass that

26、has been subjected to a thermal treatment followed by very rapid cooling to produce a FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVODHUDWWKHVXUIDFH7KHWHUPWHPSHUHGDVXVHGLQWKLVVWDQGDUGUHIHUVWRJODVVthat is fully tempered. Fully tempered glass is up to five times the strength of comparable annealed glass. Fully tempered glass will

27、 dice into sufficiently small pieces when fractured so as to reduce the risk of injury or property damage to persons or equipment under the luminaire. 1 ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) 3 5 3.2 Imperfections 3.2.1 Crush A lightly pitted area resulting in a dull gray or white appearance over the region. 3.2

28、.2 Digs Deep, short scratches or gouges. 3.2.3 Dirt A small particle of foreign material embedded in the glass surface. 3.2.4 Gaseous inclusion A tiny round or elongated bubble in the glass. 3.2.5 Knot A transparent area of incompletely assimilated glass. 3.2.6 Lines Fine strings of glass, usually o

29、n the surface of sheet glass. 3.2.7 Open gaseous inclusions Open bubbles in the surface of the glass leaving a cavity at the surface. 3.2.8 Process surface imperfections Slight surface imperfections caused by inclusion of small foreign particles or irregularities in the surface. 3.2.9 Ream Inclusion

30、s, layers, or strings within the body of the glass that are not homogenous with the glass. 3.2.10 Rub Abrasion on the glass surface giving a frosted appearance. A rub is much wider than a scratch. 3.2.11 Scratch Any tearing of the surface appearing as though it was made by a sharp object. 3.2.12 Smo

31、ke Streaked areas having a slight discoloration. 3.2.13 Stone Any crystalline inclusion within the body of the glass. 2 ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) v17 2 2 4 3.2.14 String A transparent line appearing as though a thread of glass was embedded in the sheet. 3.2.15 Tong marks Marks left on the glass by t

32、he holding apparatus during a thermal treatment process. 3.2.16 Wave Irregularities on the surface of the glass making objects or reflections viewed at varying angles appear wavy. 3.3 Breakage 3.3.1 Dice Small pieces of broken glass resulting from the fracture of fully tempered glass. 3.3.2 Shards L

33、arge pieces of sharp tapered glass resulting from the breakage of non-tempered glass which when falling upon a person or equipment can cause significant injury or damage. 4 Materials requirements 4.1 Soda-lime glass Any silicate glass having a high concentration of soda, sodium oxide, and lime (calc

34、ium oxide) having a thermal coefficient of expansion in the range of 85-97 x 10-7 /qC, (42-60 x 10-7 /oF) where length is given in centimeters (inches). The modulus of elasticity is in the range of 0.7-0.71 x 106kg/cm2(10-10.2 x 106lb/in2). The maximum working temperature limit per this standard sha

35、ll be 240qC. 4.2 Borosilicate glass Any silicate glass having at least a 5% content of boron oxide and having a thermal coefficient of expansion in the range of 32-46 x 10-7/qC, ( 22-53 x 10-7 /oF) where length is given in centimeters (inches). The modulus of elasticity is in the range of 0.65-0.66

36、x 106kg/cm2(9.3-9.5 x 106lb/in2). The maximum working temperature limit per this standard shall be 260qC. 5 Impact strength The glass lens shall withstand the impact load as applicable in Table 1. Table 1 Impact load Mounting location Load Ground (facing up) 6.8 N-m (5 ft-lb) Overhead (facing down)

37、2.7 N-m (2 ft-lb) 3 ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) 3 5 6 Thermal shock resistance The glass lens material shall be resistant to thermal shock as listed in Table 2. The lens shall be tested per the method described in Clause 8.2. Table 2 Resistance to thermal shock Material Differential test temperature (

38、q C) Tempered soda-lime flat glass 240 Strengthened borosilicate flat glass 260 Molded and tempered soda-lime glass 100 Molded borosilicate glass 80 7 Tempered (breakage properties) When a fully tempered glass lens is specified, the glass lens shall dice into small pieces when fractured to minimize

39、the risk of injury or property damage from falling glass. The broken piece count shall not be less than 60 per 2500 mm2(3.875 in.2) per the test procedure in Clause 8.3. 8 Test methods and visual inspection 8.1 Safety Adequate safety equipment, such as safety glasses, gloves, etc., should be employe

40、d to prevent injury and property damage. 8.2 Thermal shock resistance The sample shall be heated in an oven for at least 3 hours to achieve the temperature differential in Table 2 per the material type and form and then fully immersed in water at 4q r 3qC. No fractures or breakage shall occur. 8.3 T

41、empered (breakage properties) This test applies only to glass that has been fully tempered. Annealed, heat, or chemically strengthened glass shall not dice. The sample shall be placed in an adequate container such as a cardboard box and impacted with a center punch at a point approximately 30 mm (1.

42、18 in.) from an edge. After 5 minutes count the number of fragments within an area 50 mm (1.97 in.) square centered about the impact point. The sample is considered to pass if the number of fragments is greater than or equal to 60. Any fragments intersected by the 50 mm (1.97 in.) square may be coun

43、ted. An aid such as shown in Figure 1 is recommended. 4 ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) v19 2 2 4 50 mm (1.97 in.)50 mm (1.97 in.)Figure 1 Fragments 8.4 Impact test The impact test shall be performed by dropping a 50.8 mm (2 in.) diameter steel ball weighing 0.54 kg (1.18 lb) as specified in Table 1 on th

44、e center of the lens while installed in the luminaire which is resting on a solid concrete foundation. The glass lens shall not break or fracture. 8.5 Visual inspection The lens shall conform to the criteria in Table 3. Exceeding the quantity, allowable size, or location of imperfections is cause fo

45、r rejection. Table 3 Imperfections Imperfection Quantity Size Location Crush 1 12.5 mm (0.49 in.) diameter Within 25 mm (0.98 in.) edge Digs 0 0 Not allowedDirt 3 1 mm (0.04 in.) diameter Within 25 mm (0.98 in.) of edge Gaseous inclusions 3 I mm (0.04 in.) diameter Within 25 mm (0.98 in.) of edge Kn

46、ot 1 12.5 mm (0.49 in.) diameter Within 25 mm (0.98 in.) of edge Lines 0 0 Not allowedNickel sulfide inclusions 0 0 Not allowed Open gaseous inclusions 0 0 Not allowed Process surface imperfections 3 12.5 mm (0.49 in.) diameter Within 15 mm (0.59 in.) of edge 5 ANSI C136.28-2006 (R2011) 3 5 Imperfection Quantity Size Location Ream 0 0 Not allowedRub allowedScratch Not allowedSheer mark 4 0 Along edges Smoke 0 Not allowedStone 1 5 mm (0.20 in.) diameter Non-optically critical area String 0 0 Not allowedWave allowed6