CR 13695-1-2000 Packaging - Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other dangerous substances present in packaging and their release into the environmen.pdf

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1、PD CR 13695-1:2000ICS 13.020; 55.020NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLISHED DOCUMENTPackaging Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals and other dangerous substances present in packaging and their release into the environmentPart 1: Requi

2、rements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metals present in packagingThis Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2010. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 59067 2Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsPD CR 1

3、3695-1:2000National forewordThis Published Document is the UK implementation of CR 13695-1:2000. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PKW/0, Packaging.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publicat

4、ion does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.PD CR 13695-1:2000CEN REPORTRAPPORT CENCEN BERICHTCR 13695-1March 2000ICSEnglish versionPackag

5、ing - Requirements for measuring and verifying the fourheavy metals and other dangerous substances present inpackaging and their release into the environment - Part 1:Requirements for measuring and verifying the four heavy metalspresent in packagingEmballage - Exigences pour la mesure et la vrificat

6、ion desquatre mtaux lourds et autres substances dangereusesprsents dans lemballage et leur cession danslenvironnement - Partie 1: Exigences pour la mesure et lavrification des quatre mtaux lourds prsents danslemballageVerpackung - Anforderungen zur Messung und Feststellungder vier Schwermetalle und

7、andere gefhrlichenSubstanzen in Verpackungen und deren Freisetzung in dieUmwelt - Teil 1: Anforderungen zur Messung undFeststellung der vier Schwermetalle in VerpackungenThis CEN Report was approved by CEN on 16 June 1999. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 261.CEN members are th

8、e national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES

9、 KOMITEE FR NORMUNGCentral Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CR 13695-1:2000 EPD CR 13695-1:2000Page 2CR 13695-1:2000ContentsForeword. .4Introduction . 51 Scope . .62 N

10、ormative references 63 Terms and definitions. .64 The European packaging market at present .65 The packaging and packaging waste directive.76 Consideration of factors that influence the presence of Heavy Metals in Packaging and inemissions from Packaging Waste management 76.1 Heavy metals in the env

11、ironment and risk reduction 86.2 Packaging Intended to come into Contact with Foodstuffs86.3 Emission control at incineration of mixed municipal solid waste96.4 Leachate from Landfills. 97 Summary of the present situation in relevant industrial sectors .107.1 Possible sources of heavy metals present

12、 in packaging . .107.1.1 Natural sources107.1.2 Recycling 107.1.3 Functional use 107.1.4 Cr(VI) in metallic materials107.2 The situation in individual material sectors 107.3 Main deductions from the survey. 188 Assessing compliance with the Directive . 188.1 Assessing compliance with article 11 of t

13、he Directive 188.1.1 Introduction 188.1.2 Definitions. 198.1.3 Evaluation of the concentration levels of heavy metals in packaging or packaging components.208.1.4 Compliance with Article 11 of the Directive218.2 Assessment approach to conform to minimisation according to article 9 and annex II of th

14、edirective 218.2.1 Introduction 218.2.2 Evaluation of the presence of heavy metals in emissions, ash and leachate.228.2.3 Assessment of compliance with Annex II / Art. 9 of the directive 228.3 Exemptions from the concentration limits of article 11.1 of the Directive 238.3.1 Exemptions according to A

15、rticle 11.3 of the Directive . .248.3.2 Specific measures according to Article 20.1 of the Directive .249 Survey of existing relevant test methods2410 Measuring the four heavy metals .2510.1 Sampling. 2510.2 Preparing the test portion.2510.3 Analysing the test portion. 2511 Conclusions 26Annex A (in

16、formative) Survey of existing relevant test methods (chapter 9) : list of analytical methods.27Annex B (informative) Market dimensions. .33Annex C (informative) Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Food on the Toxicity of Lead andCadmium in Ceramics .35Annex D 1 (informative) Aluminium. 36Annex D

17、 2 (informative) Undecorated and decorated glass .39PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 3CR 13695-1:2000Annex D 2 bis (informative) Crystal glass as packaging.42Annex D 3 (informative) PAPER.43Annex D 4 (informative) Plastic.46Annex D 5 (informative) Steel.49Annex D 5 bis (informative) Light metal packaging.51An

18、nex D 5 ter (informative) Steel drums52Annex D 6 (informative) Wood .53Annex D 7 (informative) Cork .56Annex D 8 (informative) Paints and printing inks (coatings) as constituents of packaging components 62Bibliography . .63PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 4CR 13695-1:2000ForewordThis document has been prepare

19、d by CEN /TC 261, “Packaging“.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the EuropeanFree Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).This document has to be implemented at national level, either by publication of an iden

20、tical text or by endorsement,by month year, and conflicting national standards have to be withdrawn by month year.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this document: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republ

21、ic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and the United Kingdom.PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 5CR 13695-1:2000IntroductionThis document is a CEN Report for “the measurement and verifying of heavy metals prese

22、nt in packaging and theirrelease to the environment“.The European Commission gave a mandate to CEN for promoting the preparation of European Standards andCEN reports in order to support the application of the Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994, in particular “therequirements for measuring and ve

23、rifying heavy metals and other dangerous substances, present in packaging,and their release into the environment“.The Ad-Hoc Group, in charge of the task by a resolution of CEN TC 261 SC4, has set as a priority in the first part ofthe report the four heavy metals mentioned in Article 11 of the Direc

24、tive : Lead, Cadmium, Chromium (VI), Mercury,for two reasons :To release as early as possible, guidelines for assessing compliance with the Directive for these four metals(cf. Chapter 8).Other dangerous substances as mentioned in the mandate are the subject of the part two of the CEN Report.Have bee

25、n considered for the development of this work :the existing European or national legislation (Directives)the CONEG legislation as a source of informationthe CEN standardisation on waste CEN/TC 292.the OECD environment monograph series.To better identify and control the main sources of contamination

26、by heavy metals, an extensive enquiry involvedthe European industry operating on this market and their associations, from raw materials and constituents tofinished products (chapter 7). It results in the proposal of an efficient tool for the industry to assume compliance, i.e.a procedure limiting th

27、e need for individual packaging testing in favour of an “up-stream“ assessment more in linewith the quality assurance system. It is developed in chapter 8 and covers both packaging and its components; theprovided guideline includes minimisation according to art. 9 and annex II, the relevant test met

28、hods for measuringbeing expressed in chapters 9 and 10.The main conclusions of the report (chapter 11), are the identification of only a few needs for intentional use ofheavy metals compounds in packaging, a preferable “up-stream“ approach for assuming compliance, includingminimisation, and a need f

29、or developing standardised methods.PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 6CR 13695-1:20001 ScopeThis part 1 of the report is related to the four heavy metals specified in Art. 11 of the Directive : lead, cadmium,chromium (VI) and mercury. A second part of this CEN-report is related to the need to assess other dang

30、eroussubstances present in packaging.2 Normative referencesThis CEN Report incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normativereferences are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For datedreferences, subsequ

31、ent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this CEN Report onlywhen incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publicationreferred to applies.EN 45001 : (1989), General criteria for the operation of testing laboratories.EN

32、ISO 8402 : (1995), Quality management and quality assurance Vocabulary.ISO 3534.1 : (1993), Statistics - vocabulary and symbols part 1 : probability and general statistical terms.ISO Guide 30 : (1992) Terms and definitions used in connection with reference materials.ISO 10012-1 : (1992), Quality ass

33、urance requirements for measuring equipment - Part 1 : metrological confirmationsystem for measuring equipment.ASTM D 4057 : (1995), Standard practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this CEN Report, the following definitions apply:3

34、.1packaging componentany part of packaging that can be separated by hand or by using simple physical means3.2packaging constituentthe smallest part from which packaging or its components are made and which cannot be separated by hand or byusing simple physical meansNOTE The comprehensive application

35、 of the definitions with examples is given in 8.1.2.4 The European packaging market at presentAccording to statistics, recently published by PIRA, the value of packaging materials used in Western Europe isestimated at USD 95.8 billion (1994). The estimated amount by weight is 64.8 million tonnes (An

36、nex B, Tables 2.4and 2.5).The proportion, by value, of consumer packaging (and probably of the whole market) that goes to the food andbeverage market is about 70 %. The quality requirements for the majority of materials used in this part of themarket has for many years been in accordance with the Fo

37、od Contact legislation. This legislation specifies limits forthe migration of constituents in packaging materials into packaged food products and a large number ofstandardised test methods are developed in support of this legislation.PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 7CR 13695-1:20005 The packaging and packagi

38、ng waste directiveOne of the objectives of the Directive is to prevent or to reduce the impact on the environment of Packaging andPackaging Waste (cf. Art. 1).The recoverable including recyclable nature of Packaging Waste is an essential requirement (cf. Annex II).In order to reduce the toxicity of

39、Packaging Waste it is essential to prevent the addition of noxious heavy metals topackaging and/or ensure that such substances are not released to the environment (cf. Preamble and Annex II).In the Directive there are specific requirements related to Heavy Metals in two Articles : Article 9/Annex II

40、 andArticle 11.Article 9 requires that all packaging that is placed on the market after 1stJanuary 1998 shall conform to theDirective including the essential requirements defined in Annex II.Annex II, part 1, third indent contains the following requirement : “Packaging shall be so manufactured that

41、thepresence of noxious and other hazardous substances and materials as constituents of the packaging material andany of the packaging components is minimised with regard to their presence in emissions, ash or leachate whenpackaging or residues from management operations or packaging waste are incine

42、rated or landfilled.”Article 11 specifies three levels for the sum of concentrations in ppm of lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalentchromium Cr (VI), which are not to be exceeded after three different points of time.The requirements in Article11 for concentration limits come into force in :- July 19

43、98 (600 ppm)- July 1999 (250 ppm) and- July 2001 (100 ppm).In Article 11 an exemption is included for packaging made entirely of lead crystal glass.Further exemptions are provided for recycled materials and product loops which are in closed and controlled chainand types of packaging according to the

44、 Committee procedure described in Art. 21.6 Consideration of factors that influence the presence of Heavy Metals in Packagingand in emissions from Packaging Waste managementThis chapter contains a review of published or otherwise generally available information relevant to:- the general presence of

45、Heavy Metals in the environment,- the eventual presence of Heavy Metals in certain kinds of packaging and,- the presence of Heavy metals in emissions when household waste containing used packaging is incinerated orlandfilled.a) The general awareness about the risks associated with heavy metal emissi

46、ons into the environment is thesubject of the section 6.1: “Heavy Metals in the environment and risk reduction“.b) The presence of Heavy Metals in packaging is influenced by the previously existing “Food-contact-legislation“restricting the use of heavy metals in packaging for food. This is the subje

47、ct of the section: 6.2 : “Packagingintended to come into contact with Foodstuffs“.c) There is a recognised need for technology intended for control of the emission of heavy metals from plants forincineration of waste, including household waste. The development in this area of technology is the subje

48、ct ofthe section: 6.3: “Emission Control at Incineration of Household Waste.PD CR 13695-1:2000Page 8CR 13695-1:2000d) A considerable amount of published research exists on leakage from landfills. A review of findings related tothe leakage of heavy metals is the subject of the section: 6.4: “Leachate

49、 from Landfills“.6.1 Heavy metals in the environment and risk reductionHeavy metals in the environment arise from many different sources : engines exhaust gases, ferrous or non-ferrousmetallurgical activities, combustion (wood, peat, coal, fuel, refuse, sewage sludge, .), agricultural/mining/otherindustrial activities, post-user waste of various types, .A great progress has nevertheless been made since the mid-eighties to decrease the emissions of the most criticalones into the environment:Between 1980 and 1995 the non-ferrous metal industry in Flanders/Belgium reduced i