ITU-R HDBK RPI-1996 Handbook Radiowave Propagation Information for Predictions for Earth-To-Space Path Communications (Study Group 3)《地对空路线通信预报的无线电波传播信息手册 第3研究组》.pdf
《ITU-R HDBK RPI-1996 Handbook Radiowave Propagation Information for Predictions for Earth-To-Space Path Communications (Study Group 3)《地对空路线通信预报的无线电波传播信息手册 第3研究组》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ITU-R HDBK RPI-1996 Handbook Radiowave Propagation Information for Predictions for Earth-To-Space Path Communications (Study Group 3)《地对空路线通信预报的无线电波传播信息手册 第3研究组》.pdf(146页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Li855212 05YlQ56 801 W INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION Rad i oco m m u ni ca t io n Bu rea u Geneva, 1996 HANDBOOK RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION INFORMATION FOR COMMUNICATIONS PREDICTIONS FOR EARTH-TO-SPACE PATH N:BRSGBSG3HBKWBK96CHPTRl E. WW6 4855212 054LBLO 4bT E . - 111 - PREFACE This Handbook has
2、been developed by experts of Working Party 3M (Point-to-point and Earth-space propagation) of ITU-R Study Group 3 (Radiowave propagation), under the chairmanship of Mr. M.P.M. Hall (U.K.). Major contributors to the Handbook were: Dr. Dr. Dr. Mr. Ms. Dr . Prof. Dr. Mr. Dr. Mrs. Jeremy Allnutt J.P.V.
3、Poiares Baptista Asoka Dissanayake Glenn Feldhake Fatim Haidara Yoshio Karasawa Marlene Pontes David Rogers Erkki Salonen Haim Soicher Carol Wilson The Handbook was edited by Mrs Carol Wilson and Dr. David Rogers. N:BRSGBSG3HBKHBK96CHPTRl E. WW6 Previous page is blank. 4855232 054LBbL 3Tb O . iv . T
4、ABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 Relationship of this Handbook to Recommendations of ITU-R Study Group 3 . Application of the Earth-space Handbook . CHAPTER 2 - PROPAGATION EFFECTS OF THE TROPOSPHERE AND THE IONOSPHERE CHAPTER 3 . PROPAGATION LOSS Attenuation due to atmospheric
5、 gases . 3.1 3.1.1 Procedure for calculating gaseous attenuation Attenuation by precipitation and clouds 3.2.1 3.2 Prediction of attenuation statistics for an average year (from point rainfall rate) . 3.2.1 . 1 Basis of prediction method for rain attenuation 3.2.1.2 Equivalent rain cell length . 3.2
6、.1.3 Effective rain height 3.2.1.4 Specific attenuation . 3.2.2 Long-term frequency and polarization scaling of rain attenuation statistics 3.2.3 Seasonal variations - worst month . 3.2.4 Discussion of model evaluation (testing) 3.2.5 Example calculation 3.2.6 Cloud attenuation 3.3 Diversity and spa
7、tial features of rain . 3.3.1 Site diversity 3 . 3.1.1 Reference distribution . 3.3.1.2 Diversity improvement factor . 3.3.1.3 Diversity gain 3.3.1.4 Instantaneous diversity gain 3 3.1.5 Comparison of diversity improvement factor and diversity gain as measurement parameters . 3.3.1.6 Example calcula
8、tions using the recommended site diversity prediction procedures 3 3.1.7 Factors affecting site diversity performance . Statistical distribution of signal level for large areas 3 3.3.1 Orbital diversity . Time diversity . . ?-I ? 3.3.2 3.3.3 Other diversity schemes 3.3.3.2 Frequency diversity . 3 .
9、3 . 3 . 3 ? ? ?*? 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 11 13 14 15 15 15 16 19 24 25 26 26 26 N:BRSGBSG3HBKHBK96CHPTRI E.WW6 4855232 0543862 232 I -v- 3.4 3.5 Characteristics of precipitation events . 27 3.4.1 Duration of individual fades 28 3.4.2 Interfade and inter-event intervals . 31 3.4.3 Rates of change
10、of attenuation 33 3.4.4 Correlation of instantaneous values of attenuation at different frequencies . 34 Sand and dust effects . 34 3.5.1 General 34 3.5.2 Categories of dust storms 35 3.5.3 Propagation impairment prediction models for dust effects 37 3.5.4 Typical propagation impairment prediction r
11、esults . 38 References for Chapter 3 . CHAPTER 4 . SKY NOISE TEMPERATURE CONTRIBUTIONS . 4.1 4.2 Galactic and other extraterrestrial noise sources . 4.3 Noise from the surface of the Earth and man-made sources . 4.4 Example problem . References for Chapter 4 . CHAPTER 5 - PATH DEPOLARIZATION Atmosph
12、eric noise temperature effects on Earth-space paths . 5.1 5.2 5.3 Introduction 5.1.1 5.1.2 Systems importance of depolarization . 5.1.3 5.1.4 Polarization states 5.1.5 Physical causes of depolarization Cross-polarization isolation and discrimination Polarization orthogonality and mismatch Relation b
13、etween depolarization and attenuation Computation of long-term XPD statistics . Ice depolarization Dependence on time percentage Dependence on path configuration Evaluations of model performance Long-term frequency and polarization scaling Faraday rotation in the ionosphere 5.3.2 Precipitation effec
14、ts . 5.3.2.1 Differential attenuation 5.3.2.2 Differential phase 5.2.1 5.2.1 . 1 5.2.1.2 Frequency dependence 5.2.1.3 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 Dependence of XPD and XPI on physical processes . 5.3.1 Joint statistics of XPD and attenuation 40 46 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 51 53 53 53 54 55 56 57
15、 57 58 58 58 58 58 59 N:BRSGBSG3HBKHBK96CHPTRI E . WW6 W 4655232 0543863 179 . vi . 5.4 5.5 5.6 Data relevant to cross-polarization compensation . Incorporation of path XPD into system XPI Example calculation of path XPD . Step-by-step application of the method . Example of a system application . 5.
16、6.1 5.6.2 References for Chapter 5 . CHAPTER 6 . CLEAR AIR EFFECTS 6.1 6.2 Loss due to defocusing and wave-front incoherence . Scintillation and multipath effects . 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Background of the scintillation model 6.2.2.1 Seasonal and diurnal variations . 6.2.2.2 Frequency dependence 6.2.2.
17、3 Elevation angle dependence 6.2.2.4 Antenna aperture diameter dependence . 6.2.2.5 Probability density function (PDF) of signal-level variations Accuracy and applicable range of the prediction method . 6.2.3.1 6.2.3.2 Accuracy and applicability of PDF prediction Signal variations at elevation angle
18、s lower than about 5“ . 6.2.4.2 Characteristics of low-angle fading . 6.2.2.6 Polarization dependence Accuracy and applicability of r.m.s. fluctuation prediction 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.4.1 Empirical model 6.3 Propagation delays . 6.4 Angle of arrival References for Chapter 6 . CHAPTER 7 . TRANSIONOSPHERIC
19、PROPAGATION 7.1 7.2 7.3 Introduction Total Electron Content (TEC) . Effects due to background ionization 7.3.1 Faraday rotation . 7.3.2 Group delay . 7.3.3 Dispersion 7.3.4 Doppler frequency shift . 7.3.5 Direction of arrivai of the ray 7.3.6.1 Auroral absorption . 7.3.6.2 Polar cap absorption 7.3.6
20、 Absorption . 59 60 61 61 63 66 69 69 69 69 70 70 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 75 78 78 80 81 82 83 83 83 83 84 86 86 86 87 87 87 N:BRSGBSG3HBKWBK96CHPTR 1 E . WW6 7.4 Effects due to ionization irregularities . 7.4.1 Scintillation effects 7.4.2 Geographic, seasonal and solar dependence 7.4.3 Scintilla
21、tion models . 7.5 Conclusion . References for Chapter 7 . CHAPTER 8 . SURFACE REFLECTIONS AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS (OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO MOBILE- SATELLITE SYSTEMS) . 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Effects of the Earths surface . 8.2.1 Reflection from the Earth 8.2.1.1 Specular reflection from a pl
22、ane Earth 8.2.1.2 Specular reflection fi-om a smooth spherical Earth . 8.2.1.3 Divergence factor 8.2.1.4 Reflection from rough surfaces . 8.2.1.5 Reflection multipath Fading due to sea reflection . 8.2.2.1 General 8.2.2.2 Sea surface characteristics . 8.2.2.3 Fading calculation model 8.2.3 Shadowing
23、 and blockage . 8.2.3.2 Building shadowing . Fading in AMSS due to land reflection . Interference from adjacent satellite systems 8.2.5.1 General 8.2.5.2 Basic assumptions of the model 8.2.5.3 Prediction accuracy . 8.2.6 Example problem . 8.2.7 Results of experimental measurements . 8.2.7.1 LMSS mea
24、surements . 8.2.7.2 Measurements of sea-reflection multipath effects . 8.3 Local environmental effects . 8.3.1 Noise contribution of local environment . 8.3.2 Ship superstructurehlockage . 8.3.3 Motion of mobile antenna . 8.2.2 8.2.3.1 Tree shadowing . 8.2.4 8.2.5 88 88 89 90 92 93 95 95 95 96 96 97
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