IESNA RP-5-2013 Recommended Practice for Daylighting Buildings.pdf

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1、IES RP-5-13Recommended Practice for nullanullnullinullnulltinnull BnullinulldinnullnullIES RP-5-13Recommended Practice for Daylighting BuildingsPublication of this Recommended Practicehas been approved by IES.Suggestions for revisionsshould be directed to IES.Prepared by:The Daylighting Committee of

2、 theIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaIES RP-5-13Copyright 2013 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, June 13, 2013, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.All rights reserved. No part of thi

3、s publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standards and Guides are developed through commi

4、ttee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please for-ward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedba

5、ck and comments. ISBN # 978-0-87995-281-5Printed in the United States of America.DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints

6、 and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.

7、 The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document ava

8、ilable, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appr

9、opriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, de

10、signs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES RP-5-13Prepared by the IES Daylighting C

11、ommitteeK. Papamichael, ChairG. Ander *M. AndersenI. AshdownJ. Ashmore *M. Bankhele *B. Barker *D. Birru *J. BosD. BrentrupR. Busby *H. CaiK. Cheney *M. Ching *E. Colcord *R. CorreaS. Coyne *N. DigertR. Dunlap *S. EllersickM. ElSheikh *I. Elzeyadi *M. Franks *E. Gillmor *B. Gu *D. Henderson *L. Hesc

12、hongJ. Hu *E. Huffman *C. James *P. Jaster *D. Kack *R. Kartha *S. Kaye *Amy Keller *K. Konis *M. Kroelinger *J. Lawton *C. Leite *R. Leslie *K. Levens *J. LoveJ. Loveland *S. Machhiwala *R. Majzoub *K. Mansy *W. McCluneyS. Mende *R. MistrickS. Mooney *J. Murdoch *M. NavvabC. OtyF. Pereira *J. Peruc

13、ho *G. PodestaJ. Protzman *C. Reinhart *D. Rogers *Z. RogersA. Rosemann *P. Scarazzato *G. Schleusner *A. SerresM. Simeonova *K. Simon *R. Soler *D. Souza *M. TanteriD. Trevino *D. Weigand *S. Winchip * AdvisorySpecial thanks to the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program of the California En

14、ergy Commission (CEC) for supporting the second draft of the Daylighting Chapter (authored by K. Papamichael) of the Advanced Lighting Guidelines Online (developed by the New Buildings Institute) to jump start the development of IES RP-5. Special thanks to Ken Andersen from the California Lighting T

15、echnology Center (CLTC) of the University of California, Davis, for his help in managing the editing process for the 90% draft; many thanks also to CLTC staff for their help with RP-5 figures.Special thanks to Matthew Tanteri (Tanteri + Associates) and Matias Lopez, for help with editorial work and

16、illustrations.IES RP-5-13IES RP-5-13Contents1.0 Introduction.12.0 Daylighting Benefits12.1 Health, Wellness and Human Performance 12.2 Environmental Factors .12.3 Building Energy Efficiency .23.0 Daylighting Challenges .33.1 Daylight Glare 33.2 Unwanted Solar Heat Gain .53.3 Daylights Dynamic Nature

17、 .6 3.4 Electric Lighting Controls .63.5 Integrated Design .64.0 Daylighting Sources94.1 The Sun .94.1.1 The Solar Spectrum .104.1.2 Solar Angles and Sun Paths 104.1.3 Sun Path Diagrams114.2 The Sky.144.3 Daylight Availability 154.4 Reflected Daylight155.0 Standard Sky Luminance Distributions 166.0

18、Daylight Characteristics .176.1 Intensity 176.2 Spectral Distribution186.3 Color Temperature .186.4 Color Rendering .196.5 Luminous Efficacy .196.5.1 Radiation Luminous Efficacy 196.5.2 Lighting System Luminous Efficacy .197.0 Daylighting Design 7.1 Performance Parameters 207.1.1 Daylight Metrics.20

19、7.1.2 Daylight Illuminance Metrics.217.1.2.1 Single- Point- in-Time Metrics 227.1.2.1.1 Point Illuminance 227.1.2.1.2 Daylight Factor (DF)227.1.3 Annual Daylight Performance Metrics .237.1.3.1 Daylighting Autonomy (DA) 247.1.4 Annual Light Exposure Metrics 247.1.5 Glare .257.1.5.1 Daylight Glare Ind

20、ex257.1.5.2 Daylight Glare Probability .257.1.6 Other Luminance-Based Metrics .257.2 Context Parameters 257.3 Design Parameters .257.3.1 Schematic Design Decisions 267.3.2 Building Shape and Mass.267.3.3 Building Orientation26IES RP-5-138.0 Daylight Delivery Methods .288.1 Sidelighting .288.1.1 Wind

21、ow Size and Position 288.2 Light Shelves298.3 Side-lighting and Interior Surfaces .318.4 Sloped Glazing 318.5 Top-lighting .318.6 Skylights338.6.1 Skylight Wells 338.6.2 Skylight Shape, Size, and Spacing .338.7 Tubular Daylighting Devices .348.8 Core Sunlighting .358.8.1 Single-Axis Tracking .368.8.

22、2 Dual-Axis Tracking.368.8.3 Dual-Axis Tracking with Optical Waveguide .378.8.4 Tracking Beam Sunlighting System Benefits and Drawbacks.378.9 Clerestories, Monitors, and Sawtooth Roofs .378.10 Atria389.0 Fenestration Technologies .389.1 Fenestration Properties .399.1.1 Solar/Optical Properties 399.1

23、.2 Visible Transmittance 419.1.3 Dirt Factor .429.2 Thermal Properties .429.2.1 U-factor .429.2.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 439.2.3 Light-to-Solar Gain Ratio (LSG) 439.3 Tuning the Glazing for Each Elevation.449.4 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) 4510.0 Glazing Systems46 10.1 Gla

24、ss .4610.2 Tinted Glazings 4610.3 Reflective Glazings.4710.4 Low-e and Spectrally Selective Coatings 4710.5 Frits and Screens 4910.6 Diffusing Glazings .4910.7 Light Redirecting Materials 5010.8 Dynamic Glazings5010.9 Retrofit Films 5111.0 Shading Systems .5111.1 Exterior Versus Interior Shading Sys

25、tems .5211.2 Shades and Daylighting Design 5311.3 Horizontal Versus Vertical Shading Elements.5411.4 Dynamic Shading Systems 5511.4.1 Manual Operation .5711.4.2 Automatic Operation .5711.5 Top-light Shading 57IES RP-5-1312.0 Frame Systems.5813.0 Electric Lighting Integration 5913.1 Top-lighting .591

26、3.2 Side-lighting.5914.0 Electric Lighting Controls 6014.1 Switching and Dimming.6014.1.1 Switching6014.1.2 Dimming 6014.2 Determining Available Daylight.6014.3 Time-based Strategies 6114.4 Photosensing Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6214.4.1 Open-loop Strategy Implementation 6114.4.2 Closed-loop Strategies .6114.5 Photosensor Characteristics.6114.5.1 Spectral Sensitivity 6214.5.2 Directional Sensitivity 6314.6 Control Algorithms .63 14.6.1 Electric Lighting Zones .63 14.6.2 Switching Algorithms 631

28、4.6.3 On/Off Switching6314.6.4 Stepped Switching: Closed-Loop .6414.6.5 Stepped Switching: Open-loop.6414.6.6 Dimming Algorithms .6414.6.7 Constant Set Point Closed-loop 6514.6.8 Sliding Set Point Open- and Closed-loops 6514.7 Photosensor Controls Commissioning 6514.8 Control System Barriers and Iss

29、ues 6514.9 Commissioning 6614.10 Single Sensor Approaches 6614.11 Photosensor Directional Sensitivity.6614.12 Emerging Technologies .6714.12.1 Automated Continuous Calibration 6714.12.2 Multi-sensor Systems 6714.12.3 Customized Directional Sensitivities.6815.0 Daylight Performance Simulation and Des

30、ign Tools 6815.1 Manual Methods and Tools 6815.1.1 Sun Path Diagrams6915.1.2 Physical Scale Models .6915.2 Computer-based Methods and Tools 7015.2.1 Daylight Performance Simulation Tools 7015.2.2 Radiance 7115.2.3 AGI32, DIALux and 3ds Max Design 7215.2.4 Energy Performance Simulation Tools .73Refer

31、ences .74IES RP-5-13FoREWoRDUnlike electric lighting design recommendations, which depend mostly on space functions, daylighting design recommendations depend on a significantly extended application context, which includes site charac-teristics, such as latitude (sun paths change significantly as we

32、 move from the equator towards the poles), climate (sky conditions depend greatly on location in terms of clouds, fog and smog) and neighbor-ing landscape and structures (external obstructions can significantly block sky view and/or reflect direct sunlight). The application context is further extend

33、ed in retrofit applications to include all architectural deci-sions related to orientation, position, shape and size of fenestration.The strong contextual dependency of daylight performance limits design considerations to very high-level recommendations, such as “block high solar altitudes with hori

34、zontal shading elements” and “use higher rather than lower reflectance for interior surfaces”, or highly qualified recommendations, such as “for this range of latitudes and for this orientation and under these sky conditions. do this.” Daylighting recommended practice is effective mostly in the form

35、 of processes, which require significant understanding of fundamental principles, and information about existing and emerging technologies and their effect on daylight performance.Recommended practice statements in the text of the document are indicated by light blue shading, as they appear in the t

36、ext.1IES RP-5-131.0 INTRoDUCTIoNDaylighting refers to the art and practice of admit-ting beam sunlight, diffuse sky light, and reflected light from exterior surfaces into a building to con-tribute to lighting requirements and energy savings through the use of electric lighting controls. The role of

37、electric lighting in daylighted spaces should be to complement daylight during daytime and supply the required illumination levels during nighttime.Properly daylighted buildings offer significant bene-fits that include visual and thermal comfort, occupant satisfaction, a connection to the outdoor en

38、viron-ment, and reduced energy consumption, mainte-nance costs, and greenhouse gas emissions.The dynamic nature of daylight makes it a complex light source. The continuous apparent movement of the sun, coupled with changes in atmospheric conditions, causes the solar beam and sky dome luminance distr

39、ibution to vary in intensity and spec-tral content.2.0 DAyLIGHTING BENEFITSIn addition to providing quality lighting for visual tasks, daylight offers significant psychological and biological benefits. Energy consumption and associ-ated cost can also be reduced through automatic lighting controls th

40、at adjust electric lighting based on available daylight.2.1 Health, Wellness and Human PerformanceThe presence of daylight generally improves visual and psychological comfort. Related benefits include improvement in attendance, job satisfaction, atten-tiveness, performance, and positive long-term he

41、alth.A fundamental psychological benefit of daylighting is the connection of building occupants with their exterior environment, which provides vital informa-tion about time of the day and weather conditions.View through vertical apertures offers an addi-tional level of exterior information and is d

42、esirable to most occupants. Psychologist Rachel Kaplan of the University of Michigan has found that “office workers with a view of nature liked their jobs more, enjoyed better health, and reported greater life satisfaction”.Judith Heerwagen, Senior Scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laborat

43、ory in Seattle, is an expert on the psychological effects associated with the daylighting of indoor spaces. The following excerpt is taken from Heerwagens “Windowscapes: The Role of Nature in the view from the window,” at the 1986 International Daylighting Conference:“In our evolutionary past, infor

44、mation on time of day, seasonal changes in vegetation, weather, and other forms of environmental data were likely to have had a pronounced influence on survival and health. Thus, it made sense to pay attention to changes in daylight that provided time cues, or to assess cloud formations for informat

45、ion about future weather conditions. These events influenced our ancestors daily decisions, such as where to sleep at night, as well as much more difficult decisions such as where to look for food next week.”1Heerwagen added that it is not surprising that loss of such natural information on time of

46、day has been implicated in the poor recovery of patients in win-dowless intensive care units.22.2 Environmental FactorsThere are many positive environmental benefits that can be ascribed to daylighting. Coal, oil, and natural gas production generally exhibit a variety of adverse environmental impact

47、s on the land, the water, and the atmosphere. Reducing such impacts is a major environmental benefit of daylighting.Substantial portions of the energy generated today originate from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. This combustion emits dan-gerous gases and can also

48、 adversely affect natural water bodies due to power plants, which use such water to condense steam in their power cycles. The combustion also emits greenhouse gases, which Daylighting should be the first step of the lighting design process as it is a determinative element of the electric lighting de

49、sign solution. Daylighting is a prime consideration in building and space design, and it requires careful planning and analysis from the earliest phases of design, and if not successful, will eliminate some or all of its benefits, and can lead to unhappy and unproductive occupants.The goal is to provide sufficient, but not excessive, daylight illumination levels for various space activities while minimizing glare. At the same time, the building envelope should be optimized for the orientation, geographic location and climate to maximize energy savings from both lighting and HVA