BS 6953-1988 Glossary of terms for procedures for setting out measurement and surveying in building construction (including guidance notes)《建筑结构定线、测量和勘探程序的术语词汇》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6953:1988 ISO 7078:1985 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 Glossary of Terms for procedures for setting out, measurement and surveying in building construction (including guidance notes) UDC 69.054:721.01:624.31:53.08:001.4BS6953:1988 This British Standard, having been prepared under

2、the directionof the Basic Data andPerformance Criteria for CivilEngineering and Building Structures Standards Committee, was published under the authorityof the Board of BSI andcomes into effect on 31August 1988 BSI 08-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee

3、reference BDB/4 Draft for comment 84/12614 DC ISBN 0 580 16594 9 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Basic Data and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee (BDB/-) to Technical C

4、ommittee BDB/4, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of County Councils British Standards Society Building Employers Confederation Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Concrete Society Department of Education and Science Department of the Environment (Buildin

5、g Research Establishment) Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors Institute of Building Control Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Inc. Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Structural Engineers Institution of W

6、ater and Environmental Management (IWEM) National Council of Building Materials Producers Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date of issue Comments 9315 December 1996 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS6953:

7、1988 BSI 08-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover National foreword ii Introduction 1 Scope and field of application 1 References 1 1 General terms 1 2 Quality of measurement 4 3 Scales 9 4 Measuring tools 11 5 Measuring instruments and their parts 14 6 Methods of measuring

8、17 Bibliography 28 Index 29 Figure 1 Concepts relating to errors and histogram with fitted normal distribution curve 8 Figure 2 Measuring wedge 12 Figure 3 Set of feeler gauges 12 Figure 4 Position piece 14 Figure 5 Trigonometric levelling 18 Figure 6 Vertical angle 18 Figure 7 Measuring directions

9、19 Figure 8 Offset method 23 Figure 9 Polar method 23 Figure 10 Intersection method 23 Figure 11 Resection method 24 Figure 12 Tying in 24 Publications referred to Inside back coverBS6953:1988 ii BSI 08-1999 National foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Basic D

10、ata and Performance Criteria for Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee. It is identical with the English text of ISO7078:1985 “Building construction Procedures for setting out, measurement and surveying Vocabulary and guidance notes”, prepared by Technical Committee59, Buildi

11、ng construction, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The terms defined in this standard primarily relate to BS5964: Building setting out and measurement Part 1: Methods of measuring, planning and organization and acceptance criteria Part 2: Measuring stations and targets Par

12、t 3: Check-lists for the procurement of surveys and measurement services; BS7307: Building tolerances Measurement of buildings and building products Part 1: Methods and instruments; and Part 2: Position of measuring points. They also relate to the BS7334 series of standards “Measuring instruments fo

13、r building construction. Methods for determining accuracy”. Wherever the words “International Standard” appear in the text, referring to this standard, they should read as “British Standard”. Reference in the “Scope and field of application” to the French text and equivalent German terms, can be ign

14、ored. The Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO1803-1 and ISO1803-2 to which reference is made in the text and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. A related standard to ISO1803 is BS6100 “Glossary of building and civil engineering terms”,

15、Sub-section1.5.1:1984 “Co-ordination of dimensions, tolerance and accuracy”. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself conf

16、er immunity from legal obligations. Cross-references International Standard Corresponding British Standard BS ISO 3534 Statistics, vocabulary and symbols ISO 3534-1:1993 BS ISO 3534-1:1993 Probability and general statistical terms (Identical) ISO 3534-3:1985 BS ISO 3534-3:1985 Glossary of terms rela

17、ting to the design of experiments (Identical) BS 5964 Building setting out and measurement ISO 4463-1:1989 Part 1:1990 Methods of measuring, planning and organization and acceptance criteria (Identical) ISO 4463-2:1995 Part 2:1966 Measuring stations and targets (Identical) ISO 4463-3:1995 Part 3:199

18、6 Check-lists for the procurement of surveys and measurement services (Identical) Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to 32, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had a

19、mendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS6953:1988 BSI 08-1999 1 Introduction This International Standard is one of a series dealing with methods of measurement in building construction. It gives explanations of the terms and concepts used in

20、measuring procedures in the building industry and used in International Standards dealing with this subject. The practical realization of dimensional accuracy in the building industry involves not only land surveyors and measuring technicians, but also building professionals engaged in the different

21、 stages of the construction process. This implies the necessity for smooth communication between these different professions and consequently, in order to promote such communication, the need for agreement on terms and concepts used in setting out, measurement and surveying. The purpose of this Inte

22、rnational Standard is, therefore, to provide a consistent language for use by the various professions involved in measurement in the building industry. Scope and field of application This International Standard defines terms, in English and French, that are commonly used in procedures for setting ou

23、t, measurement and surveying in building construction. It also gives equivalent German terms in the annex. References ISO 1803-1, Tolerances for building Vocabulary Part 1: General terms. ISO 1803-2, Tolerances for building Vocabulary Part 2: Derived terms. ISO 3534, Statistics Vocabulary and symbol

24、s. ISO 4463, Measurement methods for building Setting out and measurement Permissible measuring deviations. Terms and definitions 1 General terms NOTEAlternative terms given in brackets are deprecated; use of italics indicates a term which is defined elsewhere in this vocabulary. 1.1 measurement set

25、 of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity NOTEIn general, a measurement may include preparation, calculation, and presentation of the results of the measurement. 1.2 setting out (US: layout) establishment of marks and lines to define the position and level of the elemen

26、ts for the construction work so that work may proceed with reference to them NOTEThis process may be contrasted with the purpose of surveying, which is to determine by measurement the position of existing features. 1.3 metrology field of knowledge concerned with measurement NOTE 1Metrology includes

27、all aspects, both theoretical and practical, concerning measurements, whatever their accuracy, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur. NOTE 2The term legal metrology is used in those activities involving verification, etc., governed by law or some other legal statute. 1.4 geodesy

28、 science of measurement on or in the vicinity of the ground to determine form, dimensions and the distribution of mass and fields of gravity on the earth or parts of it NOTE 1Surveying is the science of measurements necessary to determine the locations of points (features) on or beneath the surface

29、of the earth. NOTE 2Where measurements cover such a large part of the earths surface that the curvature cannot be ignored, then the operations are termed geodetic surveying or measuring.BS6953:1988 2 BSI 08-1999 1.5 photogrammetry technique of measurement using photographs, for example aerial photog

30、raphs, to determine, primarily, geometrical properties such as size, location and form of objects NOTEPhotogrammetric measurement is often used for mapping and also has some engineering applications. 1.6 geometric measurement measurement of shape and dimensions, i.e. length, area, volume and angle N

31、OTEGeometric measurement covers, in addition to surveying, measurement with other instruments or measuring tools. 1.7 measuring instrument device intended to make a measurement, alone or in conjunction with other equipment NOTEThe term measuring tool often refers to simple measuring devices, for exa

32、mple folding rules, tape measures, squares. 1.8 measuring equipment equipment which includes the basic measuring instrument and its necessary supplementary items required to carry out a specified measuring task NOTEExamples of such measuring equipment are a) theodolite and tripod; b) EDM instrument,

33、 tripod, reflector and batteries; c) centring devices; d) thermometers, etc., for the determination of influencing quantities. 1.9 ancillary equipment equipment additional to the actual measuring equipment used when carrying out measurements NOTEExamples of such ancillary equipment are pegs, sightin

34、g targets and chalk marking lines. 1.10 testing of measuring instruments procedures designed to determine whether a measuring instrument satisfies requirements in respect of one or more specified properties under specified conditions 1.11 calibration in land surveying and building construction measu

35、rement, a set of operations carried out to determine the values of relevant parameters of a measuring instrument NOTEExamples of such parameters are additive constants and scale factors within a measuring instrument or measuring tool. 1.12 gauging operation of fixing the positions of the gauge marks

36、 or scale marks of a measuring instrument (in some cases of certain principal marks only), in relation to the corresponding values of the measured quantity 1.13 calibration temperature temperature specified for the calibration and gauging of a measuring instrument NOTEIn some countries, the concept

37、normal temperature is used. This is the temperature for which the length of a length-measuring device has its nominal value. The normal temperature, which varies from one device to another, is calculated according to certain formulae in which the calibration temperature has been taken into account.

38、1.14 measurement standard measuring instrument or system intended to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit or one or more known values of a quantity in order to transmit them to other measuring instruments by comparison NOTE 1Primary measurement standards are maintained by national authoriti

39、es. NOTE 2The term standard must be qualified by a word such as length, for example length standard. The word standard is also used to indicate that certain procedures, dimensions, performances, etc., are agreed upon, for example a standard length used for gauges.BS6953:1988 BSI 08-1999 3 NOTE 3A pr

40、imary standard is a standard of a particular quantity which has the highest metrological qualities in a given field. A secondary standard is a standard whose value is fixed by direct or indirect comparison with a primary standard. 1.15 comparator measuring equipment used in addition to a standard fo

41、r calibration of instruments, for example for comparing a measuring tape or an EDM instrument with a bar standard or for the determination of the accuracy of an angular scale in a theodolite. In photogrammetry, comparators, for example stereocomparators, are used to determine co-ordinates on photogr

42、aphs 1.16 gauge (length standard) bar of steel or other suitable material of standard length, accurately made, for the purpose of checking or verification of length-measuring devices 1.17 co-ordinate system two- or three-dimensional reference system for defining the location points on a surface or i

43、n space by means of distances (rectangular/Cartesian co-ordinates) or angles (angles co-ordinates) or both (polar co-ordinates), with relation to designated angles or planes NOTEIn land surveying, the x-axis may be in the direction of astronomic (true) north, magnetic north or an assumed north, for

44、example grid north, with the y-axis towards east. The z-axis points approximately upwards (towards the zenith). In some countries, the x- and y-axes are reversed whilst in others E, N and H are used to refer to “East”, “North” and “Height”. In building surveying, a local orthogonal system is often s

45、et up with the reference axes parallel to the building axes or chosen at the convenience of the surveyor. 1.18 geodetic co-ordinates spherical rectangular co-ordinates to define a point on the earth with respect to the ellipsoid and with reference to a selected meridian and to a point on this meridi

46、an 1.19 geographic co-ordinates angular co-ordinates (angular distances) expressed as latitude and longitude to define a point on the surface of the earth with reference to the equator and the meridian of Greenwich 1.20 level (US: elevation) the vertical distance of a point above or below a defined

47、reference datum, usually mean sea level see also5.2 NOTEDatum is a numerical or geometrical quantity which may serve as a reference for similar quantities. 1.21 height vertical distance between two points, for instance on a structure or the distance of a feature above the ground, for example the hei

48、ght of a building 1.22 observation measurement operations performed by an operator to obtain observed values of a quantity 1.23 error result of a measurement minus the true value of the measured quantity in land surveying and building construction measurement, this means the difference between the o

49、bserved or calculated value of a quantity and the true value or the value of that quantity accepted as true NOTE 1Errors can generally be divided into random errors (accidental errors) and systematic errors. See terms 2.9 to 2.12. A blunder or gross error is a mistake, such as reading a scale incorrectly. NOTE 2The true value is usually unknown, so that the error can only be estimated. NOTE 3For an example of calculated value, see 2.12, closing error.BS6953:1988 4 BSI 08-1999 1.24 reading part of an observation which only involve