ASTM F1045-2016 Standard Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Helmets《冰球头盔的标准性能规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1045 15F1045 16 An American National StandardStandard Performance Specification forIce Hockey Helmets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year

2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIce hockey is a contact sport with intrinsic hazards. The use of protective equipment will noteliminate all injuri

3、es but should substantially reduce the severity and frequency of injury. Participationin the sport of ice hockey by a player implies acceptance of some risk of injury. The goal is tominimize this risk.This performance specification for head protective equipment has been prepared after considerationo

4、f head protection relative to the following principle risks: high-mass, low-velocity impact (variousplaying situations), and fit. This performance specification may be modified as other risks areidentified.Performance requirements were determined after consideration of state-of-the-art of helmet des

5、ignand manufacture and the demands of the sport.1. Scope1.1 This performance specification2 covers performance requirements for ice hockey helmets.1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reduce the risk of injury to the head without compromising the form andappeal of the game.1.3 This

6、 performance specification covers: (1) performance tests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmet andstrength and elongation of the chin strap and its attachment; and (2) requirements for area of coverage and penetration.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.

7、 The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12, of this performancespecification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theres

8、ponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F513 Specification for Eye and Face Protective Equipment for Hockey Players2.2 CEN Standard:4

9、EN 960:2006 Headforms for use in the testing of protective helmets3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 retention system:1 This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the d

10、irect responsibilityof Subcommittee F08.15 on Ice Hockey.Current edition approved April 1, 2015Oct. 1, 2016. Published June 2015November 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20132015 asF1045 07 (2013).F1045 15. DOI: 10.1520/F1045-15.10.1520/F1045-16.2 This performance

11、 specification is subject to revision as indicated by subsequent injury statistics and subject to review at least every five years.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume informat

12、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an ind

13、ication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be

14、considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1.1 chin strapthe chin strap, including a cup that covers the chin (see Fig. 1), is affixed to both sides of the helmet andsecures the helmet to the

15、head when a Type I or Type II full face protector is not worn with the helmet.3.1.1.2 neck strapthe neck strap that secures the helmet to the head is affixed on both sides of the helmet and passes underthe lower jaw in close proximity to the jaw and the neck. Where the helmet is worn with a Type I o

16、r Type II full face protector,the neck strap serves as the attachment of the helmet to the head.NOTE 1For a description of the Type I or Type II face protector, see the Types of Protectors Section in Safety Specification F513.3.1.2 crowna point in the median plane that is equal chord lengths from th

17、e anterior and posterior intersections of the medianand reference planes.3.1.3 drop heightthe vertical distance between the lowest point (impact point) of the elevated helmet and the apex of theimpact surface.3.1.4 gthe dimensionless ratio of the acceleration of the headform during impact to the acc

18、eleration due to gravity.3.1.4.1 gmaxthe maximum value of g encountered during impact.3.1.5 helmetthe complete product, including the shell, liner, chin strap, including the cup or neck strap, and associatedattachment hardware, assembled with components supplied by the manufacturer. The helmet is in

19、tended to protect the wearershead while participating in ice hockey.3.1.6 helmet position index (HPI)the vertical distance from the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when the helmet isplaced on a reference headform. The manufacturer shall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distan

20、ce.3.1.7 linerthe material inside the shell for the purpose of shock absorption or comfortable fit, or both.3.1.8 Reference Planes:3.1.8.1 basic planean anatomical plane that includes the superior rim of the external auditory meatus (upper edge of theexternal openings of the ear) and the inferior ma

21、rgin of the orbit (the lowest point of the floor of the eye socket). The headformsare marked with the basic plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.2 coronal planean anatomical plane perpendicular to both the basic and midsagittal planes and passing through thesuperior rims of the right and left auditory me

22、atuses. The transverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.3 midsagittal planean anatomical plane perpendicular to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the right and left inferior orbital ridges and the midpoint of the line con

23、necting the superior rims of theright and left external auditory meatus. The longitudinal plane corresponds to the midsagittal plane (see Figs. 2 and 3).3.1.8.4 reference planea plane marked on the headforms at a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (see Fig.4).3.1.9 shellthe rig

24、id outer material that gives the helmet its form.4. General Requirements4.1 Materials:4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of helmets shall be known to be suitable for the intended application. For example,shell materials shall remain strong, semirigid, and firm, and shall not permanently dis

25、tort during an exposure of at least 4 h to anytemperature in the range from 27 to 32C, nor shall the material be significantly affected by exposure to ultraviolet radiation,water, dirt, or vibration. All materials shall be rot-resistant. In addition, paints, glues, and finishes used in manufacture s

26、hall becompatible with the helmet shell and shock absorption system materials.4.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearers head shall not be the type known to cause skin irritation or disease, andshall not undergo significant loss of strength, flexibility, or other physical change as a resul

27、t of contact with perspiration, oil, orgrease from the wearers hair.4.1.3 Any material used in the construction of helmets shall not be adversely affected by ordinary household soap and water,mild household detergent, or cleaners recommended by the manufacturer.4.2 Helmet Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional

28、 devices fitted to the helmet shall be so designed that they are unlikely to cause any injury to the wearer orother participants during contact.4.2.2 All edges shall be smooth and rounded and there shall be no rigid projections on the inside of the helmet that could comein contact with the wearers h

29、ead.4.2.3 All external projections shall be smooth and adequately faired to other surfaces. Split or bifurcated rivets shall not be used.FIG. 1 Chin Strap (Includes a Chin Cup)F1045 1624.3 Types of Protectors:4.3.1 Type 1Head protectors that meet requirements for the area of coverage mentioned in 4.

30、5.1.4.3.2 Type 2Head protectors that meet requirements for the area of coverage mentioned in 4.5.2.4.4 Impact Test Protected AreaThe area above the test line (see 12.2.7) shall be considered the impact test protected area.Allparts of the wearers head covered by the area of the shell shall be protect

31、ed at least to the minimum impact requirements of 13.1and 13.2.4.5 Area of CoverageArea of coverage measurements shall be made with the protector mounted in accordance with theprotector manufacturers instructions on the headforms that correspond to the physical dimensions defined in EN 960:2006 ashe

32、adform circumferences 495, 535, 575, or 605 mm. If a helmet size range, as identified by the manufacturers instructions, iscapable of fitting two different headforms, the larger headform shall be used.4.5.1 Type 1The extent of coverage shall include at least all of the area above line BCDEF as shown

33、 in Fig. 5. This area shallcorrespond with the headform size with which the protector is to be tested. No ear aperture shall have any dimension exceedingFIG. 2 Anatomical PlanesFIG. 3 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Misadgittal PlanesF1045 16338 mm (1.5 in.). The ear aperture shall be completely

34、surrounded by the helmet. The distance from any edge of an ear apertureto any edge of the helmet shall not be less than 20 mm (0.8 in.).4.5.2 Type 2The extent of coverage shall include at least all of the area above line BCDGHEF as shown in Fig. 6. This areashall correspond with the headform size wi

35、th which the protector is to be tested.4.6 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for securing attachments to the shell shall be so attached that the degree ofprotection afforded the wearer by the protective padding or cushioning material of the helmet is not thereby reduced.4.7 Size of HelmetsH

36、elmets shall be sized in accordance with Table 1.4.8 Chin Strap or Neck Strap:4.8.1 The chin strap, including the cup, or the neck strap, shall be attached to the helmet so that the helmet remains in its normalposition on the players head during play and impact conditions.4.8.2 The chin strap or the

37、 neck strap used in combination with the face protector shall satisfy the requirements in 3.1.1.4.8.3 The minimum width of the chin strap exclusive of the cup shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.).5. Performance Requirements5.1 GeneralHelmets shall be capable of meeting the requirements in this performance spe

38、cification throughout their full rangeof adjustment. They shall be capable of meeting the requirements in Sections 11 and 12 at any temperature between 27 to 32C.5.2 Shock AbsorptionThe helmet is mounted on a headform that is oriented in different positions and dropped at a specificvelocity onto an

39、impact surface.Alinear accelerometer mounted at the center of gravity of the headform monitors the accelerationand the time history of impact that are recorded with appropriate instrumentation. Maximum acceleration and time duration dataobtained by the specified procedures are intended to determine

40、the shock absorption characteristics of the helmet.5.3 Chin StrapWhen tested in accordance with 12.8, the force to separate the strap shall not be less than 50 N (11.2 lbf) normore than 500 N (112.4 lbf), and the maximum displacement of the strap shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in.) at a load of 109 N (

41、24.5lbf). The requirements of 12.8 shall be met at ambient conditions.5.4 Penetration Resistance Test RequirementsIt shall not be possible to touch the test headform with the curved end of thetest stick blade within the required area of coverage, excluding the ear opening.6. Apparatus6.1 Shock Absor

42、ption TestThe apparatus for the shock absorption test shall consist of the following:6.1.1 Guide AssemblyThe headform shall be attached to the free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustable mounting thatwill allow impacts to be delivered to any prescribed point on the helmet (see Fig. 7). The car

43、riage shall be free to slide on verticalguides. If wires are used, they must be placed under at least 845.2 N (190 lbf) tension (see 12.4 for guide assembly specificationsand allowable weight of drop assembly).6.1.2 Recording EquipmentThe recording equipment shall meet the following criteria:Headfor

44、mcircumference(mm)X, mm Y, mm495 23.5 89.7535 25.5 96575 27.5 102.4605 29 107.2FIG. 4 Location of Reference LinesF1045 1646.1.2.1 Acceleration TransducerThe linear accelerometer is mounted at the center of gravity of the combined test headformand carriage assembly with the sensitive axis aligned to

45、within 5 of the vertical when the helmet and headform are in the impactHeadformcircumference(mm)Distance (mm)t u v495 24 123 132535 26 128 140575 27 129.9 144.9605 28 132.2 151.2NOTE 1A-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeFIG. 5 Type 1Area of CoverageHeadformcircumference(mm)Distance (mm)t u v x y z495

46、24 123 132 535 26 128 140 18 30 50575 27 129.9 144.9 20 40 55605 28 132.2 151.2 20 45 55NOTE 1A-Reference plane, B-Coronal planeNOTE 2Dimension Y and Z are taken and must cover between the reference and the basic plane.NOTE 3495 mm Headform does not have Type 2 coverage.FIG. 6 Type 2Area of Coverage

47、F1045 165position. This transducer shall be capable of withstanding a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall have a frequency response(variation 61.5 %) over the range from 5 to 900 Hz.6.1.2.2 System AccuracyThe impact recording system shall be capable of measuring shocks of up to 500 g peak accel

48、erationwith an accuracy of 65 %.6.1.2.3 Impact RecordingThe impact shall be recorded on single- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with 0.1-mV to 20-Vdeflection factor, 1 to 5-ms sweep speed-division, and 500-kHz bandwidth.56.1.2.4 Test HeadformsTest headforms that correspond to the physical dimensi

49、ons defined in EN 960:2006 as headformcircumferences 495, 535, 575, or 605 mm. The weight of the drop assembly, including the headform, shall be in accordance with12.4 unless otherwise specified in the individual performance specifications. The test headforms shall include surface markingscorresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs. 2 and 3).6.1.2.5 Reference HeadformsMeasuring headforms contoured in the same configuration as the test headforms withcircumferences of 495, 535,