ASTM E2225-2018 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage.pdf

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1、Designation: E2225 10E2225 18Standard Guide forForensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The intent of this This guide is intended to assist individuals and laboratories conducting that conduct examinations offabrics and cordage

3、. It is not designed as a detailed methods description or protocol for the analysis and comparison of fabric andcordage evidence, but as a guide to an acceptable procedure to strengthen the usefulness of the analytical method.cordage for thepurposes of identifying and comparing types of fabric, cord

4、age and damage. A complete characterization of the fabrics, includingtheir construction and other materials used in the assemblage of a textile (for example, sewing thread), is a critical component ofa comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are

5、 to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is tobe used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline

6、-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabil

7、ity ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World T

8、rade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related DocumentationE1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic

9、Science LaboratoryE2224 Guide for Forensic Analysis of Fibers by Infrared SpectroscopyE2227 Guide for Forensic Examination of Non-Reactive Dyes in Textile Fibers by Thin-Layer ChromatographyE2228 Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers2.2 AATCC Standards:3AATCC Test Method 20:Qualitati

10、ve20: Qualitative Test Method 202007 Fiber Analysis: Qualitative3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 braid, nthe intertwining of strands in a braiding process to produce a rope str

11、ucture.(1)41 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2010September 2018. Originally approved in 2002. Last previou

12、s edition approved in 20022010as E2225 02.E2225 10. DOI: 10.1520/E2225-10.10.1520/E2225-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Sum

13、mary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,27709-2215, http:/www.aatcc.org.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to thea list of references at the end of this standard.This docu

14、ment is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as

15、appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 cord, na twisted or formed structure composed of on

16、e or more single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of organicpolymer or inorganic materials.D1233.2.2.1 DiscussionGenerally, cords have a diameter less than 316 in.3.2.3 cordagecordage, ntwine, ropes, and cords, collectively.a collective term for twines, cords and ropes made from textilefibers a

17、nd yarns.(1)3.2.4 corecore, nfibers or other textile materials running lengthwise through a textile product (yarn, strand, small diameterrope, etc.) placed in the center of a cordage.rope and serving as a support for the strands around it.(1)3.2.4.1 DiscussionCore can be of any continuous constructi

18、on including parallel strands, twisted strands or braided strands.3.2.5 coursecourse, nin knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops in the width direction of the fabric.D1233.2.6 crowncrown, nthe raised portion of a strand in a twisted cordage.3.2.5 fabrica planar textile structure produced by inte

19、rlacing yarns, fibers, or filaments.3.2.7 fiberfabric, nin textiles, a generic term for any one of the various types of matter that form the basic elements of atextile and that is characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter.planar structure consisting of yarns or fibers.D1233.2.

20、8 filamentfilament, nin textiles, a continuous fiber of extremely long length.D1233.2.9 knitted fabricfabric, na structure produced by interlooping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.D1233.2.10 meaningful difference, na feature or property of a sample that does not fall within the varia

21、tion exhibited by thecomparison sample, considering the limitations of the sample or technique, and therefore indicates the two samples do not sharea common origin. The use of this term does not imply the formal application of statistical tests.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe variation can be based on visual

22、 or microscopical comparison of physical and chemical data.3.2.11 nonwoven fabricfabric, na textile structure produced by bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished bymechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent means, ormeans and combinations thereof.D1233.2.10 pitchthe number of crowns

23、per inch of the same strand.3.2.12 plyply, n(1) the number of single yarns twisted together to form a plied cord; yarn, or the number of plied yarnstwisted together to form cord; (2) an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord.cord; (3) one of a number of layers of fabric; (4) thenumber of layers of

24、fabric as a shirt collar, or of cord in a tire.(2)3.2.13 rope, na compact and flexible, torsionally balanced structure produced from strands which are laid, plaited, or braidedtogether to produce a product which serves to transmit a tensile force between two points.3.2.13.1 DiscussionGenerally great

25、er than 316 in. diameter (1); a rope is made up of three or more strands.3.2.14 selvageselvage, nthe narrowwoven edge portion of wovena fabric that runs parallel to the warp; it is made withstronger yarns in a tighter construction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.warp.D123E2225 1823.2

26、.15 staple, fibernnatural fibers or cut lengths from filaments.D1233.2.16 strand, n(1) a single fiber, filament, or monofilament; (2) an ordered assemblage of textile fibers having a high ratioof length to diameter and normally used as a unit; includes slivers, roving, single yarns, plied yarns, cor

27、ds, braids, ropes, etc.(2)3.2.16.1 DiscussionAstrand is often multiple plies joined together. The terms “ply” and “strand” are not synonymous; cordage can have a single-pliedstrand, but not a stranded ply.3.2.17 thermoplastic, na synthetic material that softens or melts at high temperatures.3.2.18 t

28、hread, na slender strong strand or cord made by plying or twisting yarns, typically used for stitching.3.2.19 strandtracer, nfilaments or yarns twisted together or laid parallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting intocordage.A means of distinguishing one rope from another or one manufac

29、turer from another by the use of yarns, tapes or othermarkers in a rope, either externally, internally or both. Also referred to as a marker.(1)3.2.19.1 DiscussionThis marker can be different in color, size, or composition, or combination thereof, from that of the basic cordage. It can be foundin th

30、e core or alongside a ply or strand.3.2.15 tracera marker (such as color-coded yarns or labels) integrated into the manufacture of a cord that assists in identifyingthe manufacturer.3.2.20 twist, direction n(lay)the direction of twist in yarns is indicated by the capital letters S and Z; yarn with a

31、n S-twistis seen when a yarn is held vertically and the plies spiral around its central axis slope in the same direction as the middle portionof the letter S, and Z-twist is seen when the plies slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter Z.number of turnsabout the axis applied to

32、 a fiber, yarn, strand or rope over a given length to combine the individual elements into a larger andstronger structure.(1)3.2.20.1 DiscussionThe direction of twist in yarns is indicated by the capital letters S and Z. A yarn has an S-twist if, when it is held vertically, thespirals around its cen

33、tral axis slope in the same direction as the middle portion of the letter S, and Z-twist if they slope in the samedirection as the middle portion of the letter Z.3.2.21 walewale, nin knitted fabrics, a column of successive loops in the length direction of the fabric; in woven fabrics,one of a series

34、 of raised portions or ribs lying warpwisewarp-wise in the fabric.D1233.2.22 warpwarp, nthe set of yarn in all woven fabrics that runs lengthwise and parallel to the selvage and is interwovenwith the filling.yarn running lengthwise in a woven fabric.D1233.2.23 weft (filling)(filling), nin a woven fa

35、bric, the yarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp.D1233.2.24 woven fabricfabric, ngenerally used to refer to fabric composed of a structure produced when at least two sets ofyarns, warp and weft (filling), that is formed by weaving, which is the interlacing of these sets of

36、yarns.strands are interlaced,usually at right angles to each other, according to a predetermined pattern of interlacing, and such that at least one set is parallelto the axis along the lengthwise direction of the fabric.D1233.2.25 yarnyarn, na generic term for a continuous strand of textile fibers,

37、filaments, or material in a form suitable forknitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric.D1234. Summary of Guide4.1 Due to the general availability of fabric and cordage, they Because of their general availability, fabrics and cordage are oftenencountered by the forensic sc

38、ientist. This guide assists the forensic scientist in determining and documenting the structural detailsE2225 183of fabric and cordageforensic scientists who examine, identify, and compare these types of evidence. Structural details such asdesign, construction and composition. These structural detai

39、ls can often provide information of significant forensicvalue.construction, and composition provide information that may assist the examiner in reaching a conclusion as to the possibleend use or source of an item.5. Significance and Use5.1 The construction, composition, and color of textiles as evid

40、ence in crimes are useful comparisoncontain useful comparativecharacteristics for forensic examinations. Textiles may appear in a variety of weaves, knits, and nonwoven constructions; acombination of fabric types can occur in any one textile. There is a vast constructions: woven, knit, nonwoven, or

41、in combination.The range of colors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace. Therefore, the construction, composition, and color of a textilecan aid the Examiner in including or excluding a textile for consideration in a forensic examination.marketplace is vast andconstantly changing due to

42、styles and seasons.5.2 A comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination should consist of a complete characterization of the constructionand fabrics, including their construction, and other materials used in the composition of the item (such as sewing thread).assem-blage of a textile (for exam

43、ple, sewing thread) is a critical component of a comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examination.6. Sample Handling6.1 The general handling and tracking of samples should meet or exceed the requirements of Practice E1492 and Guide E1459.6.2 Photographs may be taken Photography of the item, prio

44、r to conducting any analyses analyses, is recommended in orderto provide documentation of the original condition. Document and remove other evidence (for example, hair, blood, paint, etc.)which may require additional analysis. Document condition (for example, shape, position, layers or relation of o

45、ne yarn to another).Documentation should also include any physical damage (for example, worn, cut, broken, frayed, etc.). The following generalmacroscopic characteristics should be observed and documented:frayed) or the presence of other evidence. Other evidence (forexample, hair, blood, paint) that

46、 may require additional examination should be collected prior to textile analysis.6.2.1 Severed ends for possible physical matches;6.2.2 Knots or ligatures, or both (1);46.2.3 Dimensions (size, length, diameter, etc.);6.2.4 Components: number, type, and twist; and6.2.5 Color (dyed/natural).6.3 Do no

47、t bring a questioned specimenAquestioned material (for example, a piece of fabric, yarn, tuft of fibers, etc.) in fibers)shall not be brought into contact with the known fabric from which it is suspected to have originated until you have performeda preliminary examination (see 6.2 and 7.1) of the qu

48、estioned specimen.specimen has been performed.6.4 Do not alter the condition of a questioned specimen (for example, shape, position, layers or relation of one yarn to another)before a preliminary examination and before receiving a known sample for comparison.6.4 Do not cut a A sample to be used for

49、composition testing should not be cut from ends of yarncordage or edges of fabricif there is a possibility of physically matching a questioned specimenitem to a known specimen. Take item. It is recommended thatthe known sample be collected away from the existing edge(s) and mark the location as “known taken.”marked.6.6 Fabric and cordage may be a source of other types of physical evidence (for example, hairs, fibers, blood, etc.). In addition,cuts, tears, knots and severed ends may be of forensic value. Therefore, fabri