ASTM E1894-2013 Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources《选择脉冲X射线源用的剂量测定系统的标准指南》.pdf
《ASTM E1894-2013 Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources《选择脉冲X射线源用的剂量测定系统的标准指南》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM E1894-2013 Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources《选择脉冲X射线源用的剂量测定系统的标准指南》.pdf(19页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: E1894 13Standard Guide forSelecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in PulsedX-Ray Sources1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and usingdosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose anddose-rate te
3、chniques are described.1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources aregiven, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to theresponse of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumedto be a semiconductor electronic part or s
4、ystem.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements andDosimetryE666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose From Gammaor X RadiationE668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining AbsorbedDose in Radiation-H
5、ardness Testing of Electronic DevicesE1249 Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radia-tion Hardness Testing of Silicon Electronic Devices UsingCo-60 SourcesISO/ASTM 51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration ofDosimetry Systems for Radiation ProcessingISO/ASTM 51275 Practice for Use of a Radio
6、chromic FilmDosimetry systemISO/ASTM 51310 Practice for Use of a RadiochromicOptical Waveguide Dosimetry system2.2 International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU)and Measurements Reports:3ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X rays and GammaRays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50MeVIC
7、RU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X rays Generated atPotentials of 5 to 150 kVICRU Report 33 Radiation Quantities and UnitsICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation3. Terminology3.1 absorbed dosequotient of de/dm, where de is the meanenergy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm:
8、D 5ddme (1)See ICRU Report 33. The special name for the unit forabsorbed dose is the gray (Gy).1Gy5 1J/kg (2)Formerly, the special unit for absorbed dose was the rad,where 1 rad = 100 erg/g.1 rad 5 0.01 Gy (3)Since the absorbed dose due to a given radiation field ismaterial dependent, it is importan
9、t to include the materialcomposition for which the dose is being reported, e.g., 15.3Gy(LiF).3.2 absorbed dose enhancementincrease (or decrease) inthe absorbed dose (as compared to the equilibrium absorbeddose) at a point in a material of interest. This can be expectedto occur near an interface with
10、 a material of higher or loweratomic number.3.3 convertera target for electron beams, generally of ahigh atomic number material, in which bremsstrahlung X-raysare produced by radiative energy losses of the incident elec-trons.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on NuclearT
11、echnology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1894 08. DOI: 10.
12、1520/E1894-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the International Commission on
13、 Radiation Units andMeasurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 dosimetera device that, when irradiated, exhibits aquantifiable change in some property of
14、the device which canbe related to absorbed dose in a given material using appro-priate analytical instrumentation and techniques.3.5 dosimetry systema system used for determining ab-sorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurementinstruments, and their associated reference standards, andprocedures
15、 for the systems use.3.6 DUTdevice under test. This is the electronic compo-nent or system tested to determine its performance during orafter irradiation.3.7 endpoint energyendpoint energy refers to the peakenergy of the electron beam, usually in MeV, generated in aflash X-ray source and is numerica
16、lly equal to the maximumvoltage in MV. The word endpoint refers to the highest photonenergy of the bremsstrahlung spectra, and this endpoint isequal to the maximum or peak in the electron energy. Forexample, if the most energetic electron that strikes the con-verter is 10 MeV, this electron produces
17、 a range of bremsstrahl-ung photon energies but the maximum energy of any photon isequal to 10 MeV, the endpoint energy. Most photons haveenergies one-tenth to one-third of the maximum electronenergy for typical flash X-ray sources in the 10 MV to 1 MVendpoint voltage region, respectively.3.8 endpoi
18、nt voltageEndpoint voltage refers to the peakvoltage across a bremsstrahlung diode in a flash X-ray source.For example, a 10-MV flash X-ray source is designed to reacha peak voltage of 10-MV across the anode-cathode gap whichgenerates the electron beam for striking a converter to producebremsstrahlu
19、ng.3.9 equilibrium absorbed doseabsorbed dose at someincremental volume within the material in which the conditionof electron equilibrium (the energies, number, and direction ofcharged particles induced by the radiation are constantthroughout the volume) exists. For lower energies wherebremsstrahlun
20、g production is negligible the equilibrium ab-sorbed dose is equal to the kerma.NOTE 1For practical purposes, assuming the spatial gradient in theX-ray field is small over the range of the maximum energy secondaryelectrons generated by the incident photons, the equilibrium absorbeddose is the absorb
21、ed dose value that exists in a material at a distance fromany interface with another material greater than this range.4. Significance and Use4.1 Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlungradiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecondpulse, which often fluctuates in amplitude,
22、 shape, and spectrumfrom shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must befielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, seeICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have avariety of applications which include the following:4.1.1 Generation of X-ray and gamma-ray environm
23、entssimilar to that from a nuclear weapon burst.4.1.2 Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays onmaterials.4.1.3 Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devicessuch as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.4.1.4 Vulnerability and survivability testing of militarysystems and components
24、.4.1.5 Computer code validation studies.4.2 This guide is written to assist the experimenter inselecting the needed dosimetry systems (not all radiationparameters must be measured in a given experiment) for use atpulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a briefsummary of the information on
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