ASTM E1030-2005(2011) 0625 Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings《焊接件的X射线照相检验标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1030 05 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2provides a uniform procedure forradiographic examination of metallic castings using radio-graphic film a

3、s the recording medium.1.2 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-rations inherent with cast products, it is necessary to recognizepotential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-graphic coverage on castings. Radiography of areas wheregeometry or part configuration does n

4、ot allow achievement ofcomplete coverage with practical radiographic methods shallbe subject to mutual agreements between purchaser andsupplier. The use of alternative nondestructive methods forareas that are not conducive to practical radiography shall alsobe specifically agreed upon between purcha

5、ser and supplier.1.3 The radiographic method is highly sensitive to volumet-ric discontinuities that displace a detectable volume of castmaterial. Discontinuities that do not displace an appreciablevolume of material, however, such as cracks or other planar-type indications, may not be detected with

6、 radiography unlessthe radiation beam is coincidentally aligned with the planarorientation of the discontinuity. In view of this limitation, itmay be considered appropriate to use the radiographic methodin conjunction with additional nondestructive methods thatmaintain reliable detection capabilitie

7、s for these types ofdiscontinuities. The use of additional methods shall be specifi-cally agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.1.4 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad-equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog-nized that, for special applications, spec

8、ific techniques usingmore or less stringent requirements may be required than thosespecified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographictechniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier (also see Section 5).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard

9、.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced

10、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium CastingsE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castingsfor Aerospace

11、ApplicationsE272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.

12、8 mm) in ThicknessE505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium Die CastingsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Ima

13、ge Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to412 in. (114 mm) in ThicknessE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-graphic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type

14、Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ

15、ee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1030 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1030-05R11.2For ASME Bo

16、iler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1030 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards D

17、ocument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium CastingsE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2.2 ASNT/ANSI Stan

18、dards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4CP-189 Qualification and Certification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel42.3 Other Standards:NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification andQualification of Nondestructive Test Person

19、nel5CEN 444 Non-Destructive Testing-General Principles forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X-andGamma-raysISO 5579 Non-Destructive Testing-Radiographic Examina-tion of Metallic Materials by X-and Gamma-raysBasicRules3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this

20、testmethod, see Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements expressed in this test method areintended to control the quality of the radiographic images, toproduce satisfactory and consistent results, and are not in-tended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materialsor

21、products.5. Basis of Application5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by thepurchaser and supplier:5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency EvaluationIf speci-fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT)agencies shall be qualified and evaluated in accordance withPractice E543. T

22、he applicable version of Practice E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.5.1.2 Personnel QualificationNDT personnel shall bequalified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDTpersonnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar doc

23、ument.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe specified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.5.1.3 ApparatusGeneral requirements (see 6.1 through6.9) shall be specified.5.1.4 RequirementsGeneral requirements (see 8.1, 8.2,8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified.

24、5.1.5 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3, 9.7.4, and9.7.7) shall be specified.5.1.6 RecordsRecord retention (see 12.1) shall be speci-fied.6. Apparatus6.1 Radiation Sources:6.1.1 X Radiation SourcesSelection of appropriate X-rayvoltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-i

25、ng the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)and economically permissible exposure time. The suitability ofthese X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment ofrequired penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with allother requirements stipulated herein. Guide E94 contai

26、nsprovisions concerning exposure calculations and charts for theuse of X-ray sources.6.1.2 Gamma Radiation SourcesIsotope sources, whenused, shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-graphic sensitivity.6.2 Film Holders and CassettesFilm holders and cassettesshall be light-tight and shall

27、 be handled properly to reduce thelikelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexiblevinyl, plastic, or any durable material; or, they may be madefrom metallic materials. In the event that light leaks into thefilm holder and produces images on the film extending into thearea of interest, the f

28、ilm shall be rejected. If the film holderexhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse ordiscarded. Film holders and cassettes should be routinelyexamined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.6.3 Intensifying Screens:6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foi

29、l type are gener-ally used for all production radiography. Lead-foil screens shallbe of the same approximate area dimensions as the film beingused and they shall be in direct contact with the film duringexposure.6.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser-supplieragreement or within the foot

30、notes below Table 1, the lead foilscreens in this table shall be used.6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, used for screensshould be visually examined for dust, dirt, oxidation, crackingor creasing, foreign material or other condition that couldrender undesirable nonrelevant images on the fi

31、lm.6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic, or Other MetallicScreens:6.3.2.1 Fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screensmay be used. However, they must be capable of demonstratingthe required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity. Fluorescent orfluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image qua

32、lity(see Test Method E94, Appendix X1.)6.3.2.2 Screen CareAll screens should be handled care-fully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or dirt on activesurfaces. Screens that render false indications on radiographsshall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.6.3.3 Other ScreensEuropean St

33、andard CEN 444 con-tains similar provisions for intensifying screens as this testmethod. International users of these type screens who preferthe use of CEN 444 or ISO 5579 for their particular applica-tions should specify such alternate provisions within separatecontractual arrangements from this te

34、st method.6.4 FiltersFilters shall be used whenever the contrastreductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or the4Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (ASNT),1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association

35、of America, Inc., 1250 EyeStreet NW, Washington, DC 20005.E1030 05 (2011)2extent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on productionradiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure tomeet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirementsstipulated by the job order or contract (

36、see Guide E94).6.5 MaskingMasking material may be used, as necessary,to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting (seeGuide E94).6.6 Penetrameters (IQI)Unless otherwise specified by theapplicable job order or contract, only those penetrameters thatcomply with the design and identification re

37、quirements speci-fied in Practice E747 or Practice E1025 shall be used.6.7 Shims and Separate BlocksShims or separate blocksmade of the same or radiographically similar materials (asdefined in Method E1025) may be used to facilitate penetram-eter positioning. There is no restriction on shim or separ

38、ateblock thickness provided the penetrameter and area-of-interestdensity tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met.6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification MarkersLead numbers and letters are used to designate the part numberand location number. The size and thickness of the markersshall depend

39、on the ability of the radiographic technique toimage the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule,markers116-in. (1.58-mm) thick will suffice for most low-energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography;for higher-energy radiography it may be necessary to usemarkers that are18-in. (3.

40、17-mm) or more thick.6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement ApparatusEithera transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison filmshall be used for judging film density requirements. Stepwedge comparison films or densitometer calibration, or both,shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated s

41、tep-wedgefilm traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordancewith Practice E1079.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Film SystemsOnly film systems having cognizantengineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re-quirements of Test Met

42、hod E1815 shall be used to meet therequirements of this test method.8. Requirements8.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radiographic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.Specific requirements regarding the prepara

43、tion and approvalof written procedures shall be dictated by a purchaser andsupplier agreement. The procedure details should include atleast those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, aradiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shallbe prepared similar to that shown in Appendix

44、X1 and shall beavailable for review during interpretation of the film.8.2 Radiographic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bya purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radiographiccoverage shall be the maximum practical volume of thecasting. Areas that require radiography shall be designated a

45、sillustrated in Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 of Appendix X1. When theshape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography isimpractical, these areas shall be so designated on drawings orsketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples of castinggeometries and configurations that may be considered

46、imprac-tical to radiograph are illustrated in Appendix X2.8.3 Radiographic Film QualityAll radiographs shall befree of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of anydiscontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If anydoubt

47、 exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited bythe film, the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.8.4 Radiographic Quality LevelThe applicable job orderor contract shall dictate the requirements for radiographicquality level. (See Practice E1025 or Practice E747 forguidance in selecti

48、on of quality level.)8.5 Acceptance LevelRadiographic acceptance levels andassociated severity levels shall be stipulated by the applicablecontract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplieragreement.8.6 Radiographic Density LimitationsRadiographic den-sity in the area of interest shall be

49、 within 1.5 to 4.0 for eithersingle or superimposed viewing.8.7 Film Handling:8.7.1 Darkroom FacilitiesDarkroom facilities should bekept clean and as dust-free as practical. Safelights should bethose recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographicmaterials used and should be positioned in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations. All darkroom equipmentand materials should be capable of producing radiographs thatare suitable for interpretation.8.7.2 Film ProcessingRadiographic film processing shallbe controlled in accordance with Guide E99