ASTM E1030 E1030M-2015 6762 Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings《金属铸件放射性检验的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1030/E1030M 15Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1030/E1030M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2provides a uniform procedure for radio-graphic examination of metallic castings using radiographicfilm as the reco

3、rding medium.1.2 This standard addresses the achievement of, or protocolsfor achieving, common or practical levels of radiographiccoverage for castings, to detect primarily volumetric disconti-nuities to sensitivity levels measured by nominated imagequality indicators. All departures, including alte

4、rnate means ormethods to increase coverage, or address challenges of detect-ing non-volumetric planar-type discontinuities, shall be agreedupon between the purchaser and supplier and shall considerAppendix X1 and Appendix X2.1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad-equate assurance f

5、or defect detectability; however, it is recog-nized that, for special applications, specific techniques usingmore or less stringent requirements may be required than thosespecified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographictechniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier (als

6、o see Section 5).1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non

7、-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitation

8、s prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium CastingsE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in.(50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE192 Reference Radiographs of Investment

9、Steel Castingsfor Aerospace ApplicationsE272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12in. (114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsE310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsE446 Reference Radiographs for St

10、eel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium Die CastingsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-in

11、g Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to412 in. (114 mm) in ThicknessE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-graphic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping

12、Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1This practice is under the jur

13、isdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1030 - 05(2011).DO

14、I: 10.1520/E1030_E1030M-15.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1030 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum

15、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium CastingsE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1815 Test Meth

16、od for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4CP-189 Qualification and Certification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel42.3 Other Standards:5NAS 410 Nation

17、al Aerospace Standard Certification andQualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel2.4 ISO Standards:6ISO 5579 Non-Destructive TestingRadiographic Testingof Metallic Materials Using Film and X- or Gamma-raysBasic RulesISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personne

18、l3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, see Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements expressed in this practice are intendedto control the quality of the radiographic images, to producesatisfactory and consistent results, and are not intended

19、 forcontrolling the acceptability or quality of materials or products.5. Basis of Application5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by thepurchaser and supplier:5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency EvaluationIf speci-fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT)agencies shall

20、be qualified and evaluated in accordance withPractice E543. The applicable version of Practice E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.5.1.2 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing ex-aminations to this standard shall be qualified in accordancewith a nationally or internationally rec

21、ognized NDT personnelqualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document andcertified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallbe identified in the contractual agreeme

22、nt between the usingparties.5.1.3 ApparatusGeneral requirements (see 6.1 through6.9) shall be specified.5.1.4 RequirementsGeneral requirements (see 8.1, 8.2,8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified.5.1.5 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3, 9.7.4, and9.7.7) shall be specified.5.1.6 RecordsRecord r

23、etention (see 12.1) shall be speci-fied.6. Apparatus6.1 Radiation Sources:6.1.1 X Radiation SourcesSelection of appropriate X-rayvoltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-ing the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)and economically permissible exposure time. The

24、suitability ofthese X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment ofrequired penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with allother requirements stipulated herein. Guide E94 containsprovisions concerning exposure calculations and charts for theuse of X-ray sources.6.1.2 Gamma Radiation S

25、ourcesIsotope sources, whenused, shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-graphic sensitivity.6.2 Film Holders and CassettesFilm holders and cassettesshall be light-tight and shall be handled properly to reduce thelikelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexiblevinyl, plastic, o

26、r any durable material; or, they may be madefrom metallic materials. In the event that light leaks into thefilm holder and produces images on the film extending into thearea of interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film holderexhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse ordiscarded

27、. Film holders and cassettes should be routinelyexamined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.6.3 Intensifying Screens:6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-ally used for all production radiography. Lead-foil screens shallbe of the same approximate

28、 area dimensions as the film beingused and they shall be in direct contact with the film duringexposure.6.3.1.2 Recommended screen thicknesses are listed in Table1 for the applicable voltage range being used.6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, used for screensshould be visually examined for

29、 dust, dirt, oxidation, crackingor creasing, foreign material or other condition that couldrender undesirable nonrelevant images on the film.6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic, or Other MetallicScreens:6.3.2.1 Fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screensmay be used. However, they must be ca

30、pable of demonstratingthe required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity. Fluorescent orfluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image quality(see Guide E94, Appendix X1.)6.3.2.2 Screen CareAll screens should be handled care-fully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or dirt on activesurfaces. Screens

31、 that render false indications on radiographsshall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.6.3.3 Other ScreensInternational Standard ISO 5579 con-tains similar provisions for intensifying screens as this practice.International users of these type screens who prefer the use of4Available fr

32、om the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (ASNT),1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc., 1000 WilsonBlvd Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO

33、), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E1030/E1030M 152ISO 5579 for their particular applications should specify suchalternate provisions within separate contractual arrangementsfrom this practice.6.4 FiltersFilters sha

34、ll be used whenever the contrastreductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or theextent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on productionradiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure tomeet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirementsstipulated by the job ord

35、er or contract (see Guide E94).6.5 MaskingMasking material may be used, as necessary,to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting (seeGuide E94).6.6 Penetrameters (IQI)Unless otherwise specified by theapplicable job order or contract, only those penetrameters thatcomply with the design and i

36、dentification requirements speci-fied in Practices E747, E1025,orE1742 shall be used.6.7 Shims and Separate BlocksShims or separate blocksmade of the same or radiographically similar materials (asdefined in Practice E1025) may be used to facilitate penetram-eter positioning. There is no restriction

37、on shim or separateblock thickness provided the penetrameter and area-of-interestdensity tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met.6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification MarkersLead numbers and letters are used to designate the part numberand location number. The size and thickness of the mark

38、ersshall depend on the ability of the radiographic technique toimage the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule,markers116-in. 1.5-mm thick will suffice for most low-energy(less than 1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography; forhigher-energy radiography it may be necessary to use markersthat a

39、re18-in. 3.0-mm or more thick.6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement ApparatusEithera transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison filmshall be used for judging film density requirements. Stepwedge comparison films or densitometer calibration, or both,shall be verified by comparison with a cal

40、ibrated step-wedgefilm traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordancewith Practice E1079.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Film SystemsOnly film systems having cognizantengineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re-quirements of

41、 Test Method E1815 shall be used to meet therequirements of this practice.8. Requirements8.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radiographic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.Specific requirements regarding the p

42、reparation and approvalof written procedures shall be dictated by a purchaser andsupplier agreement. The procedure details should include atleast those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, aradiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shallbe prepared similar to that shown in App

43、endix X1 and shall beavailable for review during interpretation of the film.8.2 Radiographic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bya purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radiographiccoverage shall be the maximum practical volume of thecasting. Areas that require radiography shall be design

44、ated asillustrated in Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 of Appendix X1. When theshape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography isimpractical, these areas shall be so designated on drawings orsketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples of castinggeometries and configurations that may be consi

45、dered imprac-tical to radiograph are illustrated in Appendix X2.8.3 Radiographic Film QualityAll radiographs shall befree of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of anydiscontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If an

46、ydoubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited bythe film, the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.TABLE 1 Lead Foil ScreensAEnergy Range/Isotope Front Screen, in.ABack Screen Minimum, in. Front and Back Screens, mmB0 to 150 keVC0.000 to 0.001 0.005D0to0.15151 to 200 keV 0.000 to

47、 0.005 0.005D0to0.15201 to 320 keV 0.001 to 0.010 0.005 0.02 to 0.2Se-75 0.001 to 0.010 0.005 0.1 to 0.2321 to 450 keV 0.05 to 0.015 0.010 0.1 to 0.2Ir-192 0.05 to 0.015 0.010 0.02 to 0.2451 keV to 2 MeV 0.05 to 0.020 0.010 0.1 to 0.5Co-60 0.05 to 0.020 0.010 0.1 to 0.52 to 4 MeV 0.010 to 0.020 0.01

48、0 0.1 to 0.54 to 10 MeV 0.010 to 0.030 0.010 0.5 to 1.010 to 25 MeV 0.010 to 0.050 0.010 1.0 to 2.0AThe lead screen thickness listed for the various voltage ranges are recommended thicknesses and not required thicknesses. Other thicknesses and materials may beused provided the required radiographic

49、quality level, contrast, and density are achieved.BLead screen thicknesses in accordance with ISO 5579 in SI units. For energy ranges of Co-60 and 451 keV to 4 MeV, steel or copper screens of 0.1 to 0.5 mm may beused. For energy ranges above 4 MeV to 10 MeV, 0.5 to 1.0 mm steel or copper or up to 0.5 mm tantalum screens are recommended. Additional back scatter shieldingmay be achieved by additional lead screen behind the cassettes.CPrepacked film with lead screens may be used from 80 to 150 keV. No lead screens are recommended below 80 keV. Prepacka