ASTM E176-2008 459 Standard Terminology of Fire Standards.pdf

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1、Designation: E 176 08An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, anddescriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-response standards, fire-h

3、azard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standarddefinitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard, fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment standa

4、rd is properly understood and preciselyinterpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on FireStandards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr

5、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Usin

6、g a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand

7、MaterialsE 152 Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies4E 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 163 Methods of Fire Tests of Window Assemblies4E 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 648 Test Method for Critical R

8、adiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Gener-ated During FiresE 814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-PenetrationFire StopsE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a

9、 ThermopileMethodE 970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of ExposedAttic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine SurfaceFinishesE 1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE 1352 Test Method for Cigarette

10、 Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE 1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1355 Guide for Eva

11、luating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning TypeE 1529 Te

12、st Methods for Determining Effects of LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and As-sembliesE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and

13、is the responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 176 07a.2Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 194

14、28.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

15、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Nov 17 00:32:35 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.E 1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Ther

16、malParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E 1678 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE 1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive BarrierSystems for Electrical System ComponentsE 1740 Test Method for Dete

17、rmining the Heat Release Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE 1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandardsE 1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE 1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE 1995 Te

18、st Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscura-tion Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE 2010 Test Method for Positive Pressure Fire Tests ofWindow Assemblies4E 2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire ResistanceTests Conducted in Acco

19、rdance with ASTM E 119E 2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic Poly-mer Material Flammability Using a Fire PropagationApparatus (FPA)E 2061 Guide for Fire HazardAssessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE 2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE 2074 Test Met

20、hod for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged andPivoted Swinging Door Assemblies4E 2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss andIgnitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radi-ant HeaterE 2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of

21、CigarettesE 2226 Practice for Application of Hose StreamE 2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Pack-ages for Radioactive MaterialE 2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofPipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE 2257 Test Method for Room

22、 Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE 2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect ofUpholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms ofHealth Care FacilitiesE 2335 Guide for Laboratory MonitorsE 2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting ofTextile, Paper or Vinyl

23、 Wall or Ceiling Coverings toAssessSurface Burning CharacteristicsE 2405 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Testwith Vertically Oriented Specimen2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 139

24、43, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and related definitions given inSection 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in allfire test standards and in all fire-test-response standards,fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessmentstandards in whi

25、ch they appear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitionsare intended to provide a precise understanding and interpre-tation of fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessmentstandards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in wh

26、ich theyappear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable tothe standard or standards in which the term is described andused.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearingrespectively in two or more standards, are acceptable providedeach one is consistent with and not in conf

27、lict with the standarddefinition for the same term, that is, concept.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a mannerspecially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term andits description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire

28、issuesand not included in Terminology E 176 are found in ISO13943.When discrepancies exist, the definition inTerminologyE 176 shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope ofthis standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order.AnnexA1 contains the defini

29、tions of terms that are included inother fire standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed di-rectly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or oflatest revision of that particular definition or discuss

30、ion.afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after bothremoval of the ignition source and the cessation of anyflaming. (2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination ofmaterials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous residue

31、during pyrolysis orduring incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis orincomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent caused5Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secre-tariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case

32、 postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.6Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.E176082Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Nov 17 00:32:35 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo D

33、ehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.by convection currents confined within an essentially verti-cal enclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis usually draws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combus

34、tible is often delimited to specificfire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are consid-ered combustible if they are capable of undergoing combustion in air atpressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building.Similarly, some materials that are not combustible u

35、nder such condi-tions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures andpressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment. Materials that are notcombustible in bulk form may be combustible in finely divided form.(1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough

36、 to produce temperature rise and usuallylight either as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smolder-ing.) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materialundergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combus-tion). (2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that havemass,

37、 in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, asheat or light, and sometimes sound. However, the common usage of theterm combustion products in ASTM E05 standards is only for thosewhich have mass. (2001)composite material, nstructured combination of two ormore discrete materials.

38、 (1997)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat gener-ated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly,when exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast grossheat of combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONT

39、he effective heat of combustion depends on the testmethod and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by themass loss during a specified period of time under the specified testconditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided bythe specifications of the fire test sta

40、ndard that cites effective heat ofcombustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test condi-tions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximate thegross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test condition

41、s willrepresent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and theeffective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical unitsare kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related to fire, the conditions and sur-roundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or ass

42、embly when it is exposed to ignition sourcesor fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of thefollowing: light, flame, heat, smoke. (1988)fire-characteristic profile, nan array of fire-test-responsecharacteristics, all measured using tests relevant to the samefire scenario,

43、 for a material, product, or assembly to address,collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. (See also firehazard, fire risk, and fire-test-response characteristic.)(1993)DISCUSSIONAn array of fire-test-response characteristics in a set ofdata relevant to the assessment of fire hazard in a particul

44、ar firescenario. In other words, all the fire tests used would have a demon-strated validity for the fire scenario in question, for example by havingcomparable fire intensities. The fire-characteristic profile is intended asa collective guide to the potential fire hazard from a material, product,or

45、assembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions. (1993)fire exposure, nprocess by which or extent to whichhumans, animals, materials, products, or assemblies aresubjected to the conditions created by fire. (1991)fire gases, nthe airborne products emitted by a m

46、aterial,product, or assembly undergoing pyrolysis or combustion,that exist in the gas phase at the relevant temperature. (1979)fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.(1989)DISCUSSIONA fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people,animals, or property. These hazards are assoc

47、iated with the environ-ment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of mate-rials, products, or assemblies including but not limited to ease ofignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation andobscuration, toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguish-ment.

48、(1989)fire model, na physical representation or set of mathematicalequations that approximately simulate the dynamics ofburning and associated processes. (1992)fire performance, nresponse of a material, product, orassembly in a particular fire, other than in a fire testinvolving controlled condition

49、s (different from fire-test-response characteristic). (1993)DISCUSSIONThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishesbetween the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, which is fire-test-response charac-teristic, and under actual fire conditions, which is fire performance. Fireperformance depends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data,the response to one or more fire tests, appropriately recognized asrepresenting end-use