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1、Designation: D6894 11D6894 13Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado

2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use t

3、he procedure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2 provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically s

4、imilar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine lubricating oil specific

5、ations.Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued by

6、 the TMC.3 In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer tothe research report for this test method.41. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engine oils resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engine service. It

7、iscommonly referred to as the Engine OilAeration Test (EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L,7.3 L, direct-injection,turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer test stand. This test method was developed as a replacement for Test Method D892after it was determined that this bench test

8、did not correlate with oil aeration in actual service. The EOAT was first included inAPI Service Category CG-4 in 1995.NOTE 1Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision ofSpecification D4485.1.2 The values stated

9、in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 ExceptionWhere there is no direct SI equivalent, for example, screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, and tubingsize.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety c

10、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Te

11、rminology 31 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.02on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.Current edition approved May 1, 2011May 1, 2013. Published May 2011 May 2013. Originally approved in

12、2003. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asD6894D6894 11.10. DOI: 10.1520/D6894-11.10.1520/D6894-13.2 ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 152006-4489.3 Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in the test

13、 method by means of information letters. Information lettersmay be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 152006- 4489. Attention: Administrator. www.astmtmc.cmu.edu. Thisedition incorporates revisions contained in all information letters through 10-1.1

14、2-1.4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1379.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous versi

15、on. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes secti

16、on appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reagents and Materials 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Calibration 9Test Procedure 10Determinati

17、on of Test Results 11D6894 132Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Engine System Drawings Annex A12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD97 Test

18、Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids

19、 (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD892 Test

20、Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in

21、Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Pet

22、roleum Products, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Active API Service Category Engine OilsD4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable EquationD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID) (Withdrawn 2003)6D58

23、62 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stroke CycleTurbo-Supercharged 6V92TADiesel Engine (Withdrawn2009)6D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Characteristics of Lubricating OilsD6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventive Characteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6594 T

24、est Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness of Diesel Engine Oil at 135 CE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 SAE Standard:7J 304 Engin

25、e Oil Tests2.3 API Standard:8API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associated with self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by internalcombustion engines. D65943.1.2 calibrate, vto determine the indi

26、cation or output of a device (e.g., thermometer, manometer, engine) with respect to thatof a standard.3.1.3 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have the performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification andis to be tested against that specification. D58443.1.4 engine oil, na li

27、quid that reduces friction or wear, or both, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heatparticularly from the underside of pistons; and serves as combustion gas sealant for the piston rings.3.1.4.1 Discussion5 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactA

28、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.6 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.7 Available from Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE),

29、400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA15096-0001. This standard is not available separately. Either order theSAE Handbook Vol. 3 or the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Standards Manual HS-23.8 Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.D68

30、94 133It may contain additives to enhance certain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit formation, valve train wear, oiloxidation, and foaming are examples. D58623.1.5 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed in or on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorc

31、omponent on a volumetric basis. D60823.1.6 heavy-duty, adj in internal combustion engine operation, characterized by average speeds, power output and internaltemperatures that are close to the potential maximums. D44853.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion engine types, one that is designe

32、d to allow operation continuously at or closeto its peak output.3.1.8 lubricant, nany material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, between them.D58623.1.9 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a reference oil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, o

33、r candidate oil.D58443.1.10 reference oil, nan oil of known performance characteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D58443.1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in an established procedure. D65573.1.12 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece of equipment (for example, an engine, g

34、earbox, transformer, or turbine),whether operated or not. D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aeration, nin liquids, the action of impregnating with air that forms foam bubbles in or on the surface of a liquid or isentrained as a dispersion in that liquid.3.2.2 flush, nthe

35、action of cleaning out the engine oil system using new test oil to remove any residues as well as to minimizepossible carryover effect from the previous test oil.3.2.3 HEUI, nhydraulically-actuated, electronically-controlled, unit injector.94. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit

36、 built by International Truck and Engine Corporation10 (Model No. A215). This engine isequipped with the HEUI fuel system.9 It is installed in a fully instrumented test cell.4.2 The test sequence consists of a five-step, warm-up period followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h at maximumpowe

37、r.4.3 Aerated oil samples are taken after 1 h, 5 h, and 20 h and the percent oil aeration is calculated from the initial volume andthe final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.5. Significance and Use5.1 BackgroundIn the HEUI fuel system, the engine oil from the oil sump not only lubricates

38、the engine, it also supplies ahigh-pressure oil system that takes oil from the main gallery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa in a plunger pump (see Fig. A1.1).This oil is used to operate unit injectors that, when used in combination with intensifiers, increase the fuel injection pressure upto 145 M

39、Pa, independent of engine speed. The electronic controls permit varied injection timing and duration to provide optimumfuel economy and emissions. This system may, however, circulate all the oil in the sump in approximately 8 s; as a consequence,aeration of the oil can occur with some engine oils. I

40、nternational determined that 8 % oil aeration was the limit beyond whichengine operation and performance would be impaired in actual service.5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubricant to resist aeration was measured by Test Method D892. During thedevelopment of the API CG-4 category in

41、1994, however, it was found11 that this bench test did not correlate with aeration in theInternational T 444E engine. The EOAT was developed, therefore, to provide a better measurement of the ability of a lubricantto resist aeration during engine operation. This test has been included in API CG-4, C

42、H-4, and CI-4 categories for heavy-dutydiesel engine oils.5.2 MethodThe data obtained from the use of this test method provide a comparative index of the aeration resistance of engineoils used in medium- and heavy-duty truck diesel engines.5.3 UseThe tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-injec

43、tion, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by a variety offactors, including engine oil formulation variables, oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time of the oil in the sump,and the design of the pressurized oil systems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, the resi

44、dence time of the oil in the9 Glassey, S. F, Stockner, A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUIA New Direction for Diesel Engine Fuel System,” SAE Publication 930270; Hower, M. J., Mueller, R. A.,Oehlerking, D. A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-Injection Turbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Pu

45、blication 930269.10 Hereinafter referred to as International, which is the trademark of the International Truck and Engine Corporation.11 McGeehan et al., “The Worlds First Diesel Engine Oil Category for Use with Low-Sulfur Fuel: API CG-4,” SAE Publication 981371.D6894 134sump is insufficient to all

46、ow dissipation of aeration from the oil. As a consequence, aerated oil can be circulated to the injectorintensifiers, adversely affecting the injection timing characteristics and engine operation.6. Apparatus6.1 Test EngineThe test engine12,13 is an International 1994, 7.3L,7.3 L, direct-injection,

47、turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,rated at 160 kW at 3000 rpm. The engine model number is A215. The engine arrangement is shown in Figs. A1.2 and A1.3 andthe lubrication system in Fig. A1.4. This engine is equipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1). Details of theengine are documented

48、 in the International T 444E T 444E Diesel Engine Service Manual for Truck Application Form EGES-121dated April 2002.14 The engine serial number carries the designation 7.4JU2UXXXXXX. The test engine is installed in a fullyinstrumented test cell.6.1.1 Engine ModificationInstall a 14 in. male nationa

49、l pipe thread (NPT) stainless steel hex nipple15,13 in the threaded outleton the right (passenger) side of the engines high-pressure oil reservoir. Install a 14 in. female NPT inlet and outlet, stainless steel,ball-valve onto the hex nipple with the flow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a 14 in. male NPT to male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37 flare stainless steel adapter fitting in the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up a polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)-lined, stainless steel braid, No. 4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 fem