ASTM D6615-2015a red 1482 Standard Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel《喷射B类宽馏分航空涡轮机燃料的标准规格》.pdf

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1、Designation: D6615 15D6615 15a An American National StandardStandard Specification forJet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t

2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of av

3、iation turbine fuelunder contract.1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation turbine fuel for civil use. This fuel has advantages for operations invery low temperature environments compared with other fuels described in Specification D1655. This fuel is intended for use inaircraft

4、that are certified to use such fuel.1.3 This specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in thedistribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, forexample in

5、ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test M

6、ethod for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravit

7、y of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1660 Met

8、hod of Test for Thermal Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1992)3D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of

9、 Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate FuelsD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distill

10、ate Fuels (PotentiometricMethod)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine FuelsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation C

11、haracteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable SeparometerD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D0

12、2 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Sept. 1, 2015. Published August 2015September 2015. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20142015a

13、s D6615 14a.D6615 15. DOI: 10.1520/D6615-15.10.1520/D6615-15A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website

14、.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to

15、 adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright

16、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in

17、 Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Li

18、quid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricit

19、y of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator(BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avi

20、ation Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6379 Test

21、 Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum DistillatesHighPerformance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index DetectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications2.2 IP Standard:4EI/JIG 15

22、30 Quality Assurance Requirements for the Manufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuels to Airports2.3 API Standards:5API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Testing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery to AirportAPI 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, an

23、d Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Terminals52.4 Joint Inspection Group Standards:6JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control avtag; Jet B; jet fuel; turbine fuel; wide-cutD6615 15a5APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVIATION TURBINE FUELSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1

24、.1 This appendix describes the performance characteristics of aviation turbine fuels. A more detailed discussion of theindividual test methods and their significance is found in ASTM Manual No. 1.12 Additional information on aviation turbine fueland its properties is found in ASTMs MNL 37, Fuels and

25、 Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, andTesting13 and the Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties.14X1.2 Significance and UseX1.2.1 Specification D6615 defines one type of jet fuel for civil use. Limiting values for the two types of fuel covered are placedon fuel properties believ

26、ed to be related to the performance of the aircraft and engines in which they are most commonly used.X1.2.2 The safe and economical operation of aircraft requires fuel that is essentially clean and dry and free of any contaminationprior to use. It is possible to measure a number of jet fuel characte

27、ristics related to quality.X1.2.3 The significance of standard tests for fuel properties may be summarized for convenience in terms of the technicalrelationships with performance characteristics as shown in Table X1.1.X1.2.4 The acceptability of additives for use must ultimately be determined by the

28、 engine and aircraft type certificate holder andmust be approved by his certifying authority. In the United States of America, the certifying authority is the Federal AviationAdministration.12 ASTM MNL 1, Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 19

29、93.13 MNL37, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing, Eds., Totten, G. E.,Westbrook, S. R., and Shah, R. J.,ASTM International,W. Conshohocken, PA, 2003.14 Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties, Fourth Edition (2014), CRC Report 663, Coordinating Research Counc

30、il, Alpharetta, GA, 30022.TABLE X1.1 Performance Characteristics of Aviation Turbine FuelsPerformance Characteristics Test Method SectionsEngine fuel system deposits and coke Thermal stability X1.3Combustion properties Smoke point X1.4.2.1Aromatics X1.4.2.2Percent naphthalenes X1.4.2.3Fuel metering

31、and aircraft range Density X1.5.1Net heat of combustion X1.5.2Fuel atomization Distillation X1.6.1Vapor pressure X1.6.2Fluidity at low temperature Freezing point X1.7.1Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in the fuel Mercaptan sulfur X1.8.1system and turbine Sulfur X1.8.2Copper strip corrosio

32、n X1.8.3Fuel storage stability Existent gum X1.9.1Fuel cleanliness, handling Water reaction X1.10.1Water separation characteristics X1.10.2Free water and particulate contamination X1.10.3Particulate matterMembrane color ratingsUndissolved waterX1.10.4X1.10.5X1.10.6Static electricity Conductivity X1.

33、10.7Fuel lubricating ability (lubricity) Fuel lubricity X1.11Miscellaneous AdditivesSample containersLeak detection additiveColorX1.12.1X1.12.2X1.12.3X1.12.4D6615 15a6X1.3 Thermal StabilityX1.3.1 Stability to oxidation and polymerization at the operating temperatures encountered in certain jet aircr

34、aft is an importantperformance requirement. The thermal stability measurements are related to the amount of deposits formed in the engine fuelsystem on heating the fuel in a jet aircraft. Commercial jet fuels should be thermally stable at fuel temperature as high as 163 C(325 F). Such fuels have bee

35、n demonstrated to have inherent storage stability.X1.3.2 In 1973, Test Method D3241 replaced Method of Test D1660, known as the ASTM Coker for the determination ofoxidative thermal stability. (See CRC Report 450, dated 1969 and revised in 1972. See also Bert and Painters SAE paper730385.15) Today, a

36、 single pass/fail run with the tube temperature controlled at 260 C is used to ensure compliance with thespecifications minimum requirements. For a more complete characterization of a fuels thermal stability, a breakpoint can beobtained. The breakpoint is the highest tube temperature at which the fu

37、el still passes the specification requirements of the tubedeposit color and pressure differential. Normally, obtaining a breakpoint requires two or more runs at differing tube temperatures.Breakpoints are therefore not used for quality control, but they serve mostly for research purposes.X1.4 Combus

38、tionX1.4.1 Jet fuels are continuously burned in a combustion chamber by injection of liquid fuel into the rapidly flowing stream ofhot air. The fuel is vaporized and burned at near stoichiometric conditions in a primary zone. The hot gases so produced arecontinuously diluted with excess air to lower

39、 their temperature to a safe operating level for the turbine. Fuel combustioncharacteristics relating to soot formation are emphasized by current specification test methods. Other fuel combustioncharacteristics not covered in current specifications are burning efficiency and flame-out.X1.4.2 In gene

40、ral, paraffin hydrocarbons offer the most desirable combustion cleanliness characteristics for jet fuels. Naphthenesare the next most desirable hydrocarbons for this use.Although olefins generally have good combustion characteristics, their poorgum stability usually limits their use in aircraft turb

41、ine fuels to about 1 % or less. Aromatics generally have the least desirablecombustion characteristics for aircraft turbine fuel. In aircraft turbines, they tend to burn with a smoky flame and release a greaterproportion of their chemical energy as undesirable thermal radiation than the other hydroc

42、arbons. Naphthalenes or bicyclicaromatics produce more soot, smoke, and thermal radiation than monocyclic aromatics and are, therefore, the least desirablehydrocarbon class for aircraft jet fuel use. All of the following measurements are influenced by the hydrocarbon composition ofthe fuel and, ther

43、efore, pertain to combustion quality: luminometer number, smoke point, percent naphthalenes, and percentaromatics.16X1.4.2.1 Smoke PointThis method provides an indication of the relative smoke-producing properties of jet fuels and is relatedto the hydrocarbon-type composition of such fuels. Generall

44、y, the more highly aromatic the jet fuel, the more smoky the flame.A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke-producing tendency.X1.4.2.2 AromaticsThe combustion of highly aromatic jet fuels generally results in smoke and carbon or soot deposition, andit is therefore desirable to limit the tot

45、al aromatic content as well as the naphthalenes in jet fuels.X1.4.2.3 Percent NaphthalenesThis method covers measurement of the total concentration of naphthalene, acenaphthene, andalkylated derivatives of these hydrocarbons in jet fuels containing no more than 5 % of such compounds and having boili

46、ng pointsbelow 600 F (316 C).X1.5 Fuel Metering and Aircraft RangeX1.5.1 DensityDensity is a property of a fluid and is of significance in metering flow and in mass-volume relationships for mostcommercial transactions. It is particularly useful in empirical assessments of heating value when used wit

47、h other parameters, suchas aniline point or distillation. A low density may indicate low heating value per unit volume.15 Bert, J. A., and Painter, L., “A New Fuel Thermal Stability Test (A Summary of Coordinating Research Council Activity),” SAE Paper 730385, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Warrend

48、ale, PA, 1973.16 Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1258.Atask force studied the possibleuse of hydrogen content as an alternative to aromatics content and completed the report in 1989.D6615 15a7X1.5.2 Net Heat o

49、f CombustionThe design of aircraft and engines is based on the convertibility of heat into mechanical energy.The net heat of combustion provides a knowledge of the amount of energy obtainable from a given fuel for the performance ofuseful work; in this instance, power. Aircraft design and operation are dependent upon the availability of a certain predeterminedminimum amount of energy as heat. Consequently, a reduction in heat energy below this minimum is accompanied by an increasein fuel consumption with corresponding loss of range. Therefore, a minimum net hea