ASTM D4992-2014e1 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control《评估侵蚀控制用岩石的标准实践规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4992 141Standard Practice forEvaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4992; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu

2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected referenced document in April 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of rock to be used forerosion control.

3、The complexity and extent of this evaluationwill be governed by the size and design requirements of theindividual project, the quantity and quality of rock required,and the potential risk for property damage or loss of humanlife.1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in thispracti

4、ce be addressed for every project. For some small, lesscritical jobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that isnecessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessaryon large, complex, high-hazard projects. The intensity andnumber of evaluations made on any one project must bedetermin

5、ed by the designer.1.3 Examination of the rock at the source, evaluation ofsimilar rock exposed to the environment at any fieldinstallations, as well as laboratory tests may be necessary todetermine the properties of the rock as related to its predictedperformance at the site of intended use (1, 2,

6、3, 4, 5, 6).21.4 The examination of the rock at its source is essential toits evaluation for erosion control and aids in the planning of thesubsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rockup to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion;thus great care must be taken with the

7、 field descriptions and inthe sampling program to assure that zones of impurities orweaknesses that might not occur in ordinary size specimens arerecorded and evaluated for their deleterious potential under theconditions of intended use. It is necessary that the intendedmethod of rock removal be stu

8、died to ascertain whether thesamples taken will correspond to the blasting, handling, andweathering history of the rock that will finally be used (3).1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratoryexaminations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics,mineral components, macro and micro

9、 structure, and perhapsmost importantly, the intended use, size of the pieces, and theexposure conditions at the site of use (1, 2, 3, 4).1.6 It is assumed that this practice will be used by personnelwho are qualified by education and experience to plan thenecessary evaluations and to conduct them s

10、o that the neces-sary parameters of the subject rock will be defined. Therefore,this practice does not attempt to detail the laboratory tech-niques required, but rather to mention them and only detailthose properties that must be of special concern in the courseof the examination for rock to be used

11、 for erosion control.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of

12、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be

13、 used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be appli

14、ed without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate

15、or Magnesium SulfateC127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Orig

16、inallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4992 07. DOI:10.1520/D4992-14E01.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at

17、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

18、United States1and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete AggregatesC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination ofAggregates forConcreteC535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles

19、 MachineD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD3967 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of IntactRock Core SpecimensD512

20、1 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for DurabilityTestingD5240/D5240M Test Method for Evaluation of Durability ofRock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Mag-nesium SulfateD5312 Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock forErosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing ConditionsD531

21、3 Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock forErosion Control Under Wetting and Drying ConditionsD6473 Test Method For Specific Gravity And Absorption ofRock For Erosion Control3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D653 for general defini-tions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi

22、s Standard:3.2.1 rock mass propertieslithologic properties of rockand its discontinuities that must be evaluated on a macroscopicscale in the field.3.2.2 rock material propertieslithologic properties of rockthat can be evaluated using an in-hand sample either in the fieldor in the laboratory.3.2.3 s

23、hot rock(synonym for quarry run); unprocessedstone produced from a source primarily by blasting. The termdoes not indicate stone size or gradation.4. Significance and Use4.1 The field examination and petrographic examination inthis practice along with appropriate laboratory testing may beused to det

24、ermine the suitability of rock for erosion control. Itshould identify and delineate areas or zones of the rock, beds,and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and proper-ties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses,porosity, and other potentially deleterious characteristics.4.2 B

25、oth the rock mass properties and the rock materialproperties must be evaluated.4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic propertiesof the in situ rock that must be evaluated on a macroscopicscale in the field. These would include features such asfractures, joints, faults, bedding, schistosit

26、y, and lineations, aswell as the lateral and vertical extent of the rock unit.4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologicproperties that may be evaluated using small specimens andthus can be subject to meaningful laboratory testing. Theseproperties would include mineral composition, grai

27、n size, rockhardness, degree of weathering, porosity, unit weight, andmany others.4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applicationswill normally be classified as either filter bedding stone, riprapstone, armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, theseprocedures may be also extended to rocks

28、 used in groin andgabion structures.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of

29、competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.5. Planning5.1 A plan

30、 and schedule of the field examination andsubsequent laboratory examination should include a review ofall available information about the source rock and the purposefor which it is intended. State geological surveys, geologicaldivisions of state transportation departments, and geology/environmental

31、departments of universities near the source to beexamined are generally good sources of information. A localengineering geologist should also be consulted, to gain allcollateral information that might be useful in examining thesource site and any project installations, and in the planning ofthe labo

32、ratory test requirements.5.2 This review may provide the name of the rock unit andkey to lithologic descriptions, previous examinations, andstructural and compositional characteristics affecting the rockin its intended use, as well as test data. The information mayfurther assist in planning the exam

33、inations and alternatives toproblems such as vertical quarry faces.6. Materials and Equipment for Examinations6.1 Equipment for the field examination will be at theinvestigators discretion. A checklist of equipment mayinclude, but not be limited to, the following:6.1.1 Geologistss Pick or Hammer.6.1

34、.2 Hand Lens.6.1.3 Sledge Hammer.6.1.4 Bottle of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (3 parts water, 1part HCl).6.1.5 Tape or Scale.6.1.6 Rock Scratching Tool, Knife, or Dissecting Needle.6.1.7 Brunton Compass.6.1.8 Photographic or Video Camera.6.1.9 Note Book.6.1.10 Sample Bags.6.1.11 Marking Pens or Spray Pa

35、int.6.2 Apparatus and Supplies for Petrographic Examination:6.2.1 The apparatus and supplies listed for petrographicexamination in Practice C295 will be those required for thisD4992 1412standard practice except that some of the equipment forhandling the large pieces of rock should be of larger size

36、asoutlined below.6.2.1.1 Circular Diamond Saw, of the type described inPractice D5121.NOTE 2Some laboratories have fabricated reciprocating saws that cutwith diamond powder in a slurry. Such saws can be made capable ofcutting almost any size rock specimen.6.2.1.2 Horizontal Grinding Wheel, minimum o

37、f 400 mm(16 in.) diameter.6.2.1.3 Polishing Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.)diameter.NOTE 3When the first saw cut is smooth, as when fabricated with asmooth edged circular diamond saw running in an oil bath, vibrating lapsmay be substituted for the horizontal grinding wheel and the polishing lap.Th

38、ese laps may be obtained in sizes up to 675 mm (27 in.) in diameter.These large vibratory laps will be a useful addition and will completelysubstitute for the polishing lap. Considerable effort must be expended tokeep vibratory laps clean and the abrasives free of contamination.6.2.1.4 Stereoscopic

39、MicroscopeThe stereoscopic micro-scope shall have a zoom lens from 10 to 120. The microscopeshall be mounted on an arm that can swing over the specimenor alternatively have a specially constructed stage of large sizeto facilitate the handling of the large specimen slabs that willbe required.6.2.1.5

40、Petrographic Microscope, shall be as described inPractice C295. Optionally, for the detection of very smallmicrocracks, it may be equipped with incident ultraviolet lightfor use with thin sections impregnated with a fluorescing dye(7).NOTE 4Special types of thin sections will probably require additi

41、onalpreparation equipment. An example is given in Ref (7).6.3 Thin Section Fabrication:6.3.1 Laboratories may find that they can obtain good,rapid, individualized service from a geological laboratory thatspecializes in the fabrication of thin sections. When choosingsuch a laboratory, considerations

42、should include the following.6.3.1.1 Time between sending off the rock fragments orprepared chips and return of the finished sections.6.3.1.2 Will adjacent rock fragments or slices be returnedfor further examination or archival use, or both?6.3.1.3 Costs involved.6.3.1.4 Charges and any extra time r

43、equired for speciallyprepared sections: special large size, epoxy impregnated,impregnated with special dyes, and thin sections thinned to lessthan the standard 30 m (10 to 15 m required for fine grainedrock and for detection of fine microcracking, certain deleteri-ous textures and substances).6.3.1.

44、5 Workload.6.3.1.6 Quality of work.6.3.2 Laboratories should consider obtaining their ownthin-section equipment whenever workload, space, and finan-cial considerations permit if experienced personnel are avail-able or obtainable to fabricate the sections. In-house equipmentallows for much greater ve

45、rsatility of operation. As theknowledge of the rock material accumulates through examina-tion of finely lapped slabs and hand specimens, and from theresults of laboratory testing, it will invariably be found that thefirst estimate of the proper number, location of “chips” andtypes of thin sections r

46、equires amending.6.4 Photographic or Video Facilities, or Both, Should BeCapable of Producing the Following:6.4.1 Images of quarries and other rock sources, in useplacements of rock and natural outcrops of rocks under theproposed conditions of exposure,6.4.2 Close-up images of rock specimens, cores,

47、 chunks,and slabs,6.4.3 Images taken through the stereoscopic microscope(easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscopemanufacturer), and6.4.4 Images taken through the petrographic microscope(easily usable equipment can be obtained from the microscopemanufacturer).7. Field Examination7.

48、1 The field examination is an integral part of the totalevaluation of the rock for its use in erosion control projects.The geologic scientist conducting the field examination musthave knowledge of the intended use of the rock and of the sizepieces that will be required and the environment to which t

49、herock will be subjected. The scientist must also be familiar withthe laboratory tests that are most apt to be conducted in orderthat appropriate samples may be obtained.7.2 During the field examination determine the following:7.2.1 The type of quarry and its development plan. Theblasting procedures that are or will be employed. Note blastinghole diameter, hole depth, spacing, angle, amount ofoverburden, types of explosives, distribution, and sequences.The expected curing time, the interval between blasting orother removal from the bedrock, and the size sorting