ASTM D4992-2014 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control《评估侵蚀控制用岩石的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4992 07D4992 14Standard Practice forEvaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4992; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of rock to be used for erosion control. The complexity and extent of this evaluation willbe g

3、overned by the size and design requirements of the individual project, the quantity and quality of rock required, and thepotential risk for property damage or loss of human life.1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in this practice be addressed for every project. For some small,

4、 less criticaljobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that is necessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessary on large,complex, high-hazard projects. The intensity and number of evaluations made on any one project must be determined by thedesigner.1.3 Examination of the rock a

5、t the source, evaluation of similar rock exposed to the environment at any field installations, aswell as laboratory tests may be necessary to determine the properties of the rock as related to its predicted performance at the siteof intended use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).21.4 The examination of the rock a

6、t its source is essential to its evaluation for erosion control and aids in the planning of thesubsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rock up to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion; thusgreat care must be taken with the field descriptions and in the sampling prog

7、ram to assure that zones of impurities or weaknessesthat might not occur in ordinary size specimens are recorded and evaluated for their deleterious potential under the conditions ofintended use. It is necessary that the intended method of rock removal be studied to ascertain whether the samples tak

8、en willcorrespond to the blasting, handling, and weathering history of the rock that will finally be used (3).1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratory examinations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics, mineralcomponents, macro and micro structure, and perhaps most importantl

9、y, the intended use, size of the pieces, and the exposureconditions at the site of use (1, 2, 3, 4).1.6 It is assumed that this practice will be used by personnel who are qualified by education and experience to plan the necessaryevaluations and to conduct them so that the necessary parameters of th

10、e subject rock will be defined. Therefore, this practice doesnot attempt to detail the laboratory techniques required, but rather to mention them and only detail those properties that must beof special concern in the course of the examination for rock to be used for erosion control.1.7 The values st

11、ated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropri

12、ate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional

13、 judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a proje

14、ctsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock

15、for Erosion Control.Current edition approved June 1, 2007May 1, 2014. Published July 2007May 2014. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 asD4992 97D4992 07. (2001). DOI: 10.1520/D4992-07.10.1520/D4992-14.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of ref

16、erences at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM rec

17、ommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C

18、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC294 Descripti

19、ve Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete AggregatesC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteC535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los AngelesMachineD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Containe

20、d FluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD3967 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core SpecimensD5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Te

21、stingD5240D5240/D5240M Test Method for Testing Rock Slabs to Evaluate Soundness of Riprap by Use of Evaluation of Durabilityof Rock for Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateD5312 Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Condi

22、tionsD6473 Test Method For Specific Gravity And Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions for terms in this practice are in accordance with See Terminology D653 except as noted in forgeneral definitions.3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1

23、 rock mass propertieslithologic properties of rock and its discontinuities that must be evaluated on a macroscopic scalein the field.3.2.2 rock material propertieslithologic properties of rock that can be evaluated using an in-hand sample either in the fieldor in the laboratory.3.2.3 shot rock(synon

24、ym for quarry run); unprocessed stone produced from a source primarily by blasting. The term does notindicate stone size or gradation.4. Significance and Use4.1 The field examination and petrographic examination in this practice along with appropriate laboratory testing may be usedto determine the s

25、uitability of rock for erosion control. It should identify and delineate areas or zones of the rock, beds, and faciesof unsuitable or marginal composition and properties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, porosity, and otherpotentially deleterious characteristics.4.2 Both the rock

26、 mass properties and the rock material properties must be evaluated.4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic properties of the in situ rock that must be evaluated on a macroscopic scalein the field. These would include features such as fractures, joints, faults, bedding, schistosity, and li

27、neations, as well as the lateraland vertical extent of the rock unit.4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologic properties that may be evaluated using small specimens and thus can besubject to meaningful laboratory testing. These properties would include mineral composition, grain size,

28、 rock hardness, degreeof weathering, porosity, unit weight, and many others.4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applications will normally be classified as either filter bedding stone, riprap stone,armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, these procedures may be also extended to rocks use

29、d in groin and gabion structures.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability ofthe equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of c

30、ompetent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.5. Planning5.1 Aplan

31、 and schedule of the field examination and subsequent laboratory examination should include a review of all availableinformation about the source rock and the purpose for which it is intended. State geological surveys, geological divisions of statetransportation departments, and geology/environmenta

32、l departments of universities near the source to be examined are generally3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the

33、ASTM website.D4992 142good sources of information. A local engineering geologist should also be consulted, to gain all collateral information that mightbe useful in examining the source site and any project installations, and in the planning of the laboratory test requirements.5.2 This review may pr

34、ovide the name of the rock unit and key to lithologic descriptions, previous examinations, and structuraland compositional characteristics affecting the rock in its intended use, as well as test data. The information may further assist inplanning the examinations and alternatives to problems such as

35、 vertical quarry faces.6. Materials and Equipment for Examinations6.1 Equipment for the field examination will be at the investigators discretion. A checklist of equipment may include, but notbe limited to, the following:6.1.1 Geologistss Pick or Hammer.6.1.2 Hand Lens.6.1.3 Sledge Hammer.6.1.4 Bott

36、le of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (3 parts water, 1 part HCl).6.1.5 Tape or Scale.6.1.6 Rock Scratching Tool, Knife, or Dissecting Needle.6.1.7 Brunton Compass.6.1.8 Photographic or Video Camera.6.1.9 Note Book.6.1.10 Sample Bags.6.1.11 Marking Pens or Spray Paint.6.2 Apparatus and Supplies for Petrogr

37、aphic Examination:6.2.1 The apparatus and supplies listed for petrographic examination in Practice C295 will be those required for this standardpractice except that some of the equipment for handling the large pieces of rock should be of larger size as outlined below.6.2.1.1 Circular Diamond Saw, of

38、 the type described in Practice D5121.NOTE 2Some laboratories have fabricated reciprocating saws that cut with diamond powder in a slurry. Such saws can be made capable of cuttingalmost any size rock specimen.6.2.1.2 Horizontal Grinding Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.) diameter.6.2.1.3 Polishing Wh

39、eel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.) diameter.NOTE 3When the first saw cut is smooth, as when fabricated with a smooth edged circular diamond saw running in an oil bath, vibrating laps maybe substituted for the horizontal grinding wheel and the polishing lap. These laps may be obtained in sizes up to 675

40、 mm (27 in.) in diameter. These largevibratory laps will be a useful addition and will completely substitute for the polishing lap. Considerable effort must be expended to keep vibratory lapsclean and the abrasives free of contamination.6.2.1.4 Stereoscopic MicroscopeThe stereoscopic microscope shal

41、l have a zoom lens from 10 to 120. The microscope shallbe mounted on an arm that can swing over the specimen or alternatively have a specially constructed stage of large size to facilitatethe handling of the large specimen slabs that will be required.6.2.1.5 Petrographic Microscope, shall be as desc

42、ribed in Practice C295. Optionally, for the detection of very smallmicrocracks, it may be equipped with incident ultraviolet light for use with thin sections impregnated with a fluorescing dye (7).NOTE 4Special types of thin sections will probably require additional preparation equipment. An example

43、 is given in Ref (7).6.3 Thin Section Fabrication:6.3.1 Laboratories may find that they can obtain good, rapid, individualized service from a geological laboratory that specializesin the fabrication of thin sections. When choosing such a laboratory, considerations should include the following.6.3.1.

44、1 Time between sending off the rock fragments or prepared chips and return of the finished sections.6.3.1.2 Will adjacent rock fragments or slices be returned for further examination or archival use, or both?6.3.1.3 Costs involved.6.3.1.4 Charges and any extra time required for specially prepared se

45、ctions: special large size, epoxy impregnated, impregnatedwith special dyes, and thin sections thinned to less than the standard 30 m (10 to 15 m required for fine grained rock and fordetection of fine microcracking, certain deleterious textures and substances).6.3.1.5 Workload.6.3.1.6 Quality of wo

46、rk.6.3.2 Laboratories should consider obtaining their own thin-section equipment whenever workload, space, and financialconsiderations permit if experienced personnel are available or obtainable to fabricate the sections. In-house equipment allows formuch greater versatility of operation. As the kno

47、wledge of the rock material accumulates through examination of finely lappedslabs and hand specimens, and from the results of laboratory testing, it will invariably be found that the first estimate of the propernumber, location of “chips” and types of thin sections requires amending.6.4 Photographic

48、 Facilities or Video Facilities, or Both, Should Be Capable of Producing the Following:D4992 1436.4.1 PhotographsImages of quarries and other rock sources, in use placements of rock and natural outcrops of rocks under theproposed conditions of exposure,6.4.2 Close-up photographsimages of rock specim

49、ens, cores, chunks, and slabs,6.4.3 PhotographsImages taken through the stereoscopic microscope (easily usable equipment can be obtained from themicroscope manufacturer), and6.4.4 PhotographsImages taken through the petrographic microscope (easily usable equipment can be obtained from themicroscope manufacturer).7. Field Examination7.1 The field examination is an integral part of the total evaluation of the rock for its use in erosion control projects. Thegeologic scientist conducting the field examination must have knowledge of the intended use of the rock and