ASTM D4644-2016 Standard Test Method for Slake Durability of Shales and Other Similar Weak Rocks《油页岩和类似软岩石潮解耐久性的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4644 08D4644 16Standard Test Method forSlake Durability of Shales and Other Similar Weak Rocks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slake durability index of a shale or other similarweak rock after twoth

3、reedrying and two wetting cycles with abrasion.abrasion effects.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting o

4、f test resultsin units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.3.1 The methodprocedures used to specify how data are collected

5、, calculated, collected/recorded or recordedcalculated in thisstandard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one appliesthe results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.are regarded as the industry standard. In addi

6、tion, they are representativeof the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increaseor reduce sig

7、nificant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standardto consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are m

8、athematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate s

9、afety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2216 Test Methods f

10、or Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and S

11、tandard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 For terminology u

12、sed in this test method, refer to Terminology D653Definitions:3.1.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Curren

13、t edition approved July 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2016. Published July 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20042008 asD4644 04.D4644 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4644-08.10.1520/D4644-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Custo

14、mer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the p

15、revious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of

16、Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 slake durability indexthe percentage by dry mass of a collection of shale or s

17、imilar rock pieces retained on a 2.00 mm(No. 10) sieve after twothree cycles of oven drying and two cycles of each 10 min of soaking in distilled water withwithin astandard tumbling and abrasion action.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of placing ten pieces of specimens each wit

18、h mass of 40-60 g in a wire mesh drum mounted inan apparatus where the drum is partially submerged in a trough filled with distilled water. The specimens in the drum are rotatedin the water for two cycles. Each cycle includes rotation with speed of 20 rpm for 10 minutes.At the end of first cycle the

19、 specimenis oven dried and the total mass of specimen retained in the drum is recorded. Then, a second cycle with the same speed and timeperiod as the first one is performed. The retained total mass of specimen from the second cycle is recorded. The slake durabilityindex is calculated based on both

20、recorded total masses of test specimen retained in the drum per each cycle.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method is used to estimate qualitatively the durability of weak rocks through weakening and disintegration resultingfrom a standard two cycles of wetting and drying in the service environme

21、nt. (1-7).35.2 This test method is used to assign quantitative durability index values to weak rocks. A primary example is the FranklinRating System (1).NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the

22、equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing,sampling, inspection, and so forth. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results

23、.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Slake Durability DeviceThe drum (Fig. 1) shall be made of 2.00 mm (No. 10) square-mesh, woven-wire cloth, conformingto the requirements of Specification E11. It shall be cyli

24、ndrical in shape, with a diameter of 140 mm (5.5 in.) and a length of 100mm (3.9 in.). The ends shall be rigid plates, with one removable end. It must be sufficiently strong to retain its shape during use,but neither the exterior of the mesh nor the interior of the drum shall be obstructed by a supp

25、ort. The drum shall be able towithstand a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F). A trough shall support the drum in a horizontal manner such that the drumis partially submerged and free to rotate about its axis. The trough shall be capable of being filled with slaking fluiddistilled waterto 20 mm (0.8

26、in.) below the drum axis, and shall allow at least 40 mm (1.6 in.) unobstructed clearance between bottom of thetrough and the bottom of the mesh. The drum shall be rotated by a motor capable of maintaining a speed of 20 rpm, constant towithin 5 %, for a period of 10 min. Devices conforming to these

27、requirements are commercially available.NOTE 2Devices conforming to these requirements are commercially available.6.2 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).6.3 Balance, sensitive to with sensitivity of 1 g and having a 2000-g capacity.3

28、000-g capacity, using the guidelines of GuideD4753.6.4 Miscellaneous Apparatus, including a brush and hammer.3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.FIG. 1 Critical Dimensions of Slake Durability Device Showing Critical DimensionsD4644 1626.5

29、 Distilled Water.6.6 Timer.6.7 Camera.NOTE 3Laboratory has the option of drying the test specimens in the drum or in a separate specimens container. These containers are made ofmaterials that are resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeated heating, cooling, and cleaning process. One uniq

30、uely numbered (identified)container or numbered-matched container, as required, is needed per each water content determination. After finishing each cycle, whole material fromthe specimens container shall be transferred to number-matched drum or vice versa.7. Sampling, Test SampleSpecimens, and Spec

31、imen Test Units7.1 The samples shall be selected by visual observation to include a range of specimens based on rock type, mineralconstituents, grain sizes and shape, partings, and defects such as pores and fissures. Collect, transport, and store test samples andtest specimens in such a manner as to

32、 retain retain, as much as possible, the natural water content using the guidelines in PracticesD2113 and D5079 and Test Method D2216.7.2 The test specimen shall consist of ten representative, intact, roughly equidimensional shale fragments weighing 40 g to 60g or other similar weak rock fragments w

33、ith mass of 40-60 g each.These fragments may be naturally occurring or may be producedby breaking the samples with a hammer. Such fragments may be obtained from rock cores or from test pits, and their sizes willvary with the method of sampling. Break off any sharp corners, if possible, sampling and

34、density of sample. Also, break off anypossible existing sharp corners, and remove any dust by brushing the fragment just prior to weighing. The total measuring the massof the sample. The total mass of each test specimen shall weigh 450 to 550 be between 450-550 g.8. Procedure8.1 Photograph each spec

35、imen prior to placement in drum.8.2 Measure mass of each empty drum or specimen container.8.3 Water ContentUsing Test Method D2216, Method A, determine the water content and oven-dried mass of each testspecimen before testing. This shall be done with the shale test specimen fragments either in the d

36、rum or specimen container to beused for the actual testing.8.4 Mount the drum containing the dried test specimen in the trough and couple to the motor.8.5 Mount the drum in the trough and couple to the motor. Fill the trough with distilled water at room temperature to 20 mm(0.8 in.) below the drum a

37、xis. Rotate the drum at 20 rpm for a period of 10 min. Record the water temperature at the beginningand end of the run.test cycle.8.6 Remove the drum from the trough immediately after the rotation period is complete andcomplete. Oven dry the drum andthe specimen retained in the oven the same specime

38、n either in the drum or specimen container as in 7.28.3 and obtain theoven-dried mass.8.7 Repeat 7.38.4 andthrough 7.48.6 to obtain a final oven-dried mass for the second cycle.8.8 Photograph specimen retained and file a copy of the photo with the laboratory report, or record standard verbal descrip

39、tions,as follows:8.8.1 Type IRetained specimenspecimens remain virtually unchanged.8.8.2 Type IIRetained specimenspecimens consist of large and small fragments.8.8.3 Type IIIRetained specimen isspecimens are exclusively small fragments.8.9 See Fig. 2 for representative photographs photographs, each

40、one of the three types.9. Calculations9.1 Calculate the slake durability index (second (first and second cycle), as follows:Id2!5WF 2C!/B 2C!# 3100Id15Wf12C!/Wi 2C!# 3100 (1)Id25Wf22C!/Wi 2C!# 3100where:Id(2) = slake durability index (second cycle),Id1 and Id2 = slake durability index after first an

41、d second cycles accordingly, g,B = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen before the first cycle, g,Wi = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen before the first cycle, g,WF = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen retained after the second cycle, g, andD4644 163Wf1 and Wf2 = mass of drum plus oven-drie

42、d specimen retained after the first and the second cycles accordingly, g, andC = mass of drum, g.10. ReportReport: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)10.1 The purpose of this section is to establish minimum requirements for a complete and usable report. For this purpose, thereport shall include the following

43、:10.1.1 Description of the specimen sample, date, and where it was obtained.10.1.2 Start and end of test dates plus initial of technician who is performing it.10.1.3 Slake durability indexindexes (second cycle) to the nearest 0.1 %.10.1.4 Range and average value of the water temperature.10.1.5 Natur

44、al water content.As received sample water content as guided by Test Method D2216.FIG. 2 Illustration Representative Photographs of Fragment Types Retained in DrumD4644 16410.1.6 Description of the appearance of the fragments retained in the drum (see 7.68.8).10.1.7 Before and after test taken photog

45、raphs.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Test data on precision is not presented due to the nature of shale and other similar rock tested by this test method. It is eithernot feasible or too costly at this time to produce multiple specimens which have uniform physical properties. Any variationobserved on th

46、e data is just as likely to be due to specimen variation as to operator or laboratory testing variation: SubcommitteeD18.12 welcomes proposals that would allow for development of a valid precision statement. There is no accepted reference valueof shale or weak rock for this test method; therefore, b

47、ias cannot be determined.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; shale; slake durability; weak rocksREFERENCES(1) Franklin Trow Associates, “Field Evaluation of Shales for Construction Projects,” Research and Development Project No. 1404, Ministry ofTransportation and Communications, Research and Deve

48、lopment Branch, Downsview, Ontario, March 1979.(2) Chapman, D. R., “Shale Classification Tests and Systems: A Comparative Study,” MSCE Thesis and Joint Highway Research Project No. 75-11,Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, June 1975, 90 pp.(3) Deo, P., “Shales as Embankment Materials,” Ph.D. Thes

49、is and Joint Highway Research Project No. 45, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,December 1972, 202 pp.(4) International Society for Rock Mechanics , “Suggested Methods for Determining Slake-Durability Index Properties,” Commission on Standardizationof Laboratory and Field Tests, November 1972 .(5) Lutton, R. J., “Design and Construction of Compacted Shale Embankments, Volume 3, Slaking Indexes for Design,” Report No. FHWA-RD-77-1,Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, February 1977.(6) Surendra, M., “Additives to Control Slaking in Com