ASTM D4175-2009 Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Petroleum Products and Lubricants.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4175 09An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi

2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology s

3、tandard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, and l

4、ubricants. Meanings ofthe same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleumproducts, and lubricants can be found in other compilations andin dictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2.

5、 Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbols

6、 areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D 6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D 4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D 5182absolu

7、te filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D 4174absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability t

8、o take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefracti

9、ve effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D 2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the

10、dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D 2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit

11、. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D 3244accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for compariso

12、n and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on col

13、laborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.01 D 6890, D02.94 D 6299,D 6792, E11 E 456, E 177DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determine

14、d empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D 2699, D 2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials deter

15、mined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D 7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted reference1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte

16、eD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 417508b1.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700

17、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 13 03:02:01 EDT 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.value is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberrating

18、s of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D 909accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6792accuracy, n

19、the closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6299,D 7372acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis te

20、st method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts cor

21、responding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solve

22、nt from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-ca

23、lled strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D 664acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gra

24、m of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D 974, D 5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D 974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number i

25、s calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in mi

26、lligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D 5770acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample dissolved in a specified solvent to aspecified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or s

27、alts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D 3339acid number, nquantity of base, expressed in milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is required totitrate a sample in a specific solvent to a specific e

28、nd point.DISCUSSIONin this test method, the solvent is a toluene-water-isopropanol mixture and the end point is determined when a green/green brown color is obtained using the specified p-naphtholbenzeinindicator solution. D02.06 D 3242acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof po

29、tassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2

30、-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional informatio

31、n. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflec

32、tion point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport

33、the two, when they are found.acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D 1093across (or against) grain, nthe direction in a body withpreferred orientation due to for

34、ming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C 709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is us

35、ed primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D 6139acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime

36、, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D 6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a su

37、bstantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D 6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a substantialportion of thei

38、r life span. D02.12 D 6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D 6081addit

39、ive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D 5862,D02.95 D 4175adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingD4175092Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 13 03:02:01 EDT

40、 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.between contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D 5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significan

41、tgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater tha

42、n the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D 2892aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic p

43、athways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D 6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.N0D 6006, D 6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equivale

44、nt temperature.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, a composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C 709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardnes

45、s are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. $ 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 # A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obl

46、igate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold. D02.14D 6469base number, nthe quantity of an acid, expressed in terms ofthe equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxideper gram of sample, that is r

47、equired to titrate a sampledissolved in the specified solvent to a specified end point (forexample, Test Method D 4739).DISCUSSIONThis method uses fixed amounts of isooctane andalcoholic hydrochloric acid as the sample solvent and the end point isdefined as the amount of titrant required to reach a

48、yellow end-pointwith a methyl red indicator solution. D02.06 D 5984base numberthe quantity of perchloric acid expressed interms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassiumhydroxide that are required to titrate1gofthesampledissolved in the specified solvent to a well-defined inflectionpoint a

49、s specified in this test method. D02.06 D 2896base number, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to an orange end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent.D02.06 D 974base numbers, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milli-grams of potassium hydroxide per gram of s