ASTM D4175-2008bE1 Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Petroleum Products and Lubricants.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4175 08b1An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETerms were transferred e

3、ditorially in October 2008.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly def

4、initions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants. Meanings ofthe same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleumproducts, and lubricants can be found in other compilations andin dictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thesta

5、ndards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Sub

6、commit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D 6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D 4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced ag

7、ainst and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D 5182absolute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D 4174absorbance, A, nthe mole

8、cular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for

9、reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D 2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlengt

10、h, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D 2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.D

11、ISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D 3244accepted reference value, na

12、value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards an

13、d Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.01 D 6890, D02.94 D 6299,D 6792, E11 E 456, E 177DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Resea

14、rch octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D 2699, D 2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference value1This terminology is un

15、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 417508a.1*A Summa

16、ry of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by colla

17、borativeexperimental work. D02.01 D 7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or an

18、otherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D 909accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6299,D 7372acid number, nthe qu

19、antity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a

20、 sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThi

21、s test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous ac

22、idic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of thi

23、s test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D 664acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D 974, D 5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, t

24、he indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D 974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the

25、 number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D 5770acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof

26、 potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample dissolved in a specified solvent to aspecified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D

27、 3339acid number, nquantity of base, expressed in milligrams ofpotassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is required totitrate a sample in a specific solvent to a specific end point.DISCUSSIONin this test method, the solvent is a toluene-water-isopropanol mixture and the end point is determined wh

28、en a green/green brown color is obtained using the specified p-naphtholbenzeinindicator solution. D02.06 D 3242acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONT

29、his test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivol

30、ts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the

31、 solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the

32、 so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found.acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterio

33、n for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D 1093across (or against) grain, nthe direction in a body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C 709activated sludge, n

34、the precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D 6139acu

35、te ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D 6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propen

36、sity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D 6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representat

37、ive subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D 6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organis

38、ms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D 6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or toD 4175 08b12suppre

39、ss undesirable properties. D02.B0 D 5862,D02.95 D 4175adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D 5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significan

40、tgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater tha

41、n the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D 2892aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic p

42、athways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D 6469aerobic, adj(1 ) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.N0D 6006, D 6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equival

43、ent temperature.agglomerate, n in manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, a composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C 709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardn

44、ess are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. $ 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 # A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from o

45、bligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold. D02.14D 6469base number, nthe quantity of an acid, expressed in terms ofthe equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxideper gram of sample, that is

46、 required to titrate a sampledissolved in the specified solvent to a specified end point (forexample, Test Method D 4739).DISCUSSIONThis method uses fixed amounts of iso octane andalcoholic hydrochloric acid as the sample solvent and the end point isdefined as the amount of titrant required to reach

47、 a yellow end-pointwith a methyl red indicator solution. D02.06 D 5984base numberthe quantity of perchloric acid expressed interms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassiumhydroxide that are required to titrate1gofthesampledissolved in the specified solvent to a well-defined inflectionpoin

48、t as specified in this test method. D02.06 D 2896base number, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to an orange en

49、d point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent.D02.06 D 974base numbers, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milli-grams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that isrequired to titrate a sample, dissolved in a specified solventto a specified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the sample is titrated to a meterreading corresponding to a freshly prepared nonaqueous acidic buffersolution. D02.06 D 4739base oil, na base stock or a blend o