ASTM D4175-2008 Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Petroleum Products and Lubricants.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4175 08An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi

2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology

3、standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions specific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, and

4、lubricants. Meanings ofthe same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleumproducts, and lubricants can be found in other compilations andin dictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2

5、. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbol

6、s areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D 6812abrasion, nwear by displacement of material caused by hardparticles or hard protuberances. D02.B0 D 4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D 5182absol

7、ute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass through a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D 4174absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability

8、to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefract

9、ive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D 2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the

10、 dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D 2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limi

11、t. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D 3244accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparis

12、on and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on co

13、llaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. D02.01 D 2699, D 2700, D 6890,D 7170, D02.94 D 6299, D 6792, E11 E 456, E 177DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificrefe

14、rence materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D 2699, D 2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific

15、 referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D 7170accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test result1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsib

16、ility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 417505e2.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo

17、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6299acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed as milligramsof potassium hyd

18、roxide per gram of sample, required totitrate a sample in a specified solvent to a specified end point.DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to whic

19、h asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method.DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequant

20、ity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point

21、as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number.DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, wh

22、en they are found. D02.06 D 664acid number, nthe quantity of base, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a specified end point. D02.06D 974, D 3339, D 5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a

23、green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D 974DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D 3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is

24、 calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in mil

25、ligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D 5770acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D 1093across (or against) grain, nthe direction in a body wi

26、thpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C 709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatm

27、ent plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D 6139acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or po

28、pulations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D 6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortper

29、iod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D 6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constit

30、uting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D 6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oft

31、heir life span. D02.12 D 6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D 5862,D02.95 D 4175adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading t

32、o material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D 5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will b

33、e a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D 2892aerobe, nan organism that requires ox

34、ygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D 6469aerobic, adj(1)

35、taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.N0D 6006, D 6046agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, a composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C 709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesu

36、m of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and hardness are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. $ 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 # A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxi

37、de and methane) to complex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold. D02.14D 6469base number, nthe quantity of an acid, expressed in ter

38、ms ofthe equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxideper gram of sample, that is required to titrate a sampledissolved in the specified solvent to a specified end point (forexample, Test Method D 4739).DISCUSSIONThis method uses fixed amounts of isooctane andalcoholic hydrochloric acid as

39、the sample solvent and the end point isdefined as the amount of titrant required to reach a yellow end-pointwith a methyl red indicator solution. D02.06 D 5984base number, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milligramsof potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that is requiredto titrate a sample to a

40、 specified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to an orange end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent.D02.06 D 974base numbers, nthe quantity of acid, expressed in milli-grams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample that isrequired to titrate

41、a sample, dissolved in a specified solventto a specified end point.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the sample is titrated to a meterreading corresponding to a freshly prepared nonaqueous acidic buffersolution. D02.06 D 4739base oil, na base stock or a blend of two or more base stocksused to produce f

42、inished lubricants, usually in combinationwith additives. D02.B0 D 6074base stock, na hydrocarbon lubricant component, other thanan additive, that is produced by a single manufacturer to thesame specifications (independent of feed source or manufac-turers location), and that is identified by a uniqu

43、e formulanumber or product identification number, or both.D02.B0 D 6074basicity, nthe quality, state or degree of being basic.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for basicity is a pink orred color when phenolphthalein indicator is used. D02.06D 1093basis weight of paper, nbasis weight is ex

44、pressed in gramsper square metre. In countries where the metric system is notuniversal, basis weight is also expressed in pounds per ream.DISCUSSIONFor factors to convert basis weight in grams per squaremetre to other commercial terms, see Test Method D 646. D02.10D 2423BDC, nbottom dead center D02.

45、B0 D 6750bias, nthe difference between the population mean of the testresults and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D 6300,D 6792, E11 E 456bias, na systematic error that contributes to the differencebetween a population mean of the measurements or testresults and an accepted reference or true val

46、ue. D02.94D 6299, E11 E 177, E 456bias, relative, nthe difference between the population meanof the test results and an accepted reference value, which isthe agreed upon value obtained using an accepted referencemethod for measuring the same property. D02.94 D 6300binder, na substance, usually an or

47、ganic material such ascoal tar pitch or petroleum pitch, used to bond the coke orother filler material prior to baking. D02.F0 C 709bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance byan organism as a result of uptake from all environmentalsources. D02.N0 D 7044bioburden, nthe level of microbial

48、 contamination (biomass)in a system.DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass / mL; g biomass / g; cells / mL sample, andD4175084so forth). The specific parameter used to define bioburden

49、depends oncritical properties of the system evaluated and the investigatorspreferences. D02.14 D 6469biocide, na poisonous substance that can kill living organ-isms.DISCUSSIONBiocides are further classified as bactericides (killbacteria), fungicides (kill fungi), and microbiocides (kill both bacteriaand fungi). They are also referred to as antimicrobials. D02.14D 6469biodegradable, nany substance containing 2200C regard