ASTM D2981-1994(2014) Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion《摆动中固态膜润滑剂磨损寿命的标准试验方法》.pdf

《ASTM D2981-1994(2014) Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion《摆动中固态膜润滑剂磨损寿命的标准试验方法》.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ASTM D2981-1994(2014) Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion《摆动中固态膜润滑剂磨损寿命的标准试验方法》.pdf（3页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、Designation: D2981 94 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forWear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of abonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion b

3、y meansof a block-on-ring2friction and wear testing machine.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-b

4、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of theFalex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of friction, or fin tribology, the dimen-sionless ratio of

5、 the friction force (F) between two bodies to thenormal force (N) pressing these two bodies together. or f 5 F/N! (1)3.1.1.1 DiscussionA distinction is often made betweenstatic coeffcient of friction and kinetic coeffcient of friction.3.1.2 friction forcethe resisting force tangential to theinterfac

6、e between two bodies when, under the action of anexternal force, one body moves or tends to move relative to theother.3.1.3 kinetic coeffcient of frictionthe coefficient of fric-tion under conditions of macroscopic relative motion betweentwo bodies.3.1.4 weardamage to a solid surface, generally invo

7、lvingprogressive loss of material, due to relative motion betweenthat surface and a contacting substance or substances.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test machine is operated using a coated steel testingring oscillating against a steel test block. The oscillating speedis 87.5 6 1 cpm at a 90 arc.

8、The specimens are worn-in for1 min at 13.6 kg (30 lb) normal load obtained by application of0.454 kg (1 lb) of dead weight to the 0:1 ratio lever system.Wear-in is followed by application of a normal load of 283 kg(630 lb) obtained by application of 9.53 kg (21 lb) of deadweight to the 30:1 ratio le

9、ver system for the duration of the test.4.2 One measurement is made:4.2.1 wear lifethe number of cycles required for thefrictional force to rise to a predetermined value.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear lifeproperties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillat

10、ing motionunder the prescribed test conditions. This test method differ-entiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to theirwear life. If the test conditions are changed, relative wear lifemay change and relative ratings of the bonded solid filmlubricants may be different.6. Apparatus6.1 B

11、lock-on-Ring Test Machine,2equipped with oscillatingdrive, load cell transducer and recorder described in detail inAnnex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 1. (See Test Method D2714.)6.2 Test Ring,4SAE 4620 Steel, having a Rockwell hardnessof HRC 58-63. Each ring had a ground face of 8.163 mm 60.127 mm (0.3

12、21 6 0.005 in.), a diameter of 34.9885 60.0254, 0.1270 mm (1.3775 6 0.001, 0.005 in.) and aneccentricity between the inner and outer surface of 60.038 mm(0.0015 in.). The surface finish of the outside diameter of eachring prior to lubricant coating application should be from 500to 750 nm (20 to 30 i

13、n.) rms.6.3 Test Block,2SAE 01 Steel5with test surface of 0.635 60.021, 0.000 mm (0.250 6 0.0005, 0.0000 in.) wide and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.L0.05 on Soli

14、d Lubricants.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2981 94 (2009). DOI:10.1520/D2981-94R14.2The sole source of supply of the Block-on-Ring known to the committee at thistime is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr.,

15、Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM

16、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.5SAE 01 is also known as Starrett 406

17、or Marshall Oilcrat.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.575 6 0.005 mm (0.620 6 0.0002 in.) long and having aRockwell hardness of HRC 58-63. Each block should have thetest surface ground to a finish of 100 to 200 nm (4 t

18、o 8 in.)rms and be perfectly square with all outside edges.7. Reagents7.1 Solvents,6safe, nonfilming, nonchlorinated.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Before each test, thoroughly clean the test block, theshaft, specimen holder, lock nut, lock washer, and the taperedand threaded sections of the test sh

19、aft, using the solventsdescribed in 6.1.8.2 Using clean, lint-free cotton gloves, mount the test blockin the block holder and position both securely in the cylindricalslot of the specimen holder. Holding the test block in place,mount the test ring over the test shaft and press into positionbeneath t

20、he block exercising care not to scratch the coated testsurface. Position the lock washer and lock nut and tighten withthe torque wrench to 2 Nm (100 lbin.)8.3 Calibrate the load cell transducer and recorder in accor-dance with the equipment manufacturers directions.8.4 Adjust the arc of oscillation

21、to 90.8.5 Place a 1.4 kg (3 lb) weight in position on the bale rod.8.6 Set the friction force cut-off level to terminate the test ata frictional force of 280 N (63 lb) or a coefficient of friction of0.1 after wear-in.9. Procedure9.1 Conduct the test in a temperature- and humidity-controlled atmosphe

22、re (24 6 3C (75 6 5F), 50 6 5 %) andallow sufficient static time for the specimens to reach a state ofequilibrium.9.2 With 1.4 kg (3 lb) on the bale rod, which is equivalentto a 13.6 kg (30 lb) normal load on the specimen, start themachine. Standard drive machines will operate only at87.5 cpm; for v

23、ariable drive units the 87.5 cpm speed is setbefore specimens are mounted. Run the machine for 1 min toaccomplish initial wear-in of the coated specimen and then stopthe machine. Gently lower 27.3 kg (60 lb) of additional weightonto the bale rod, bringing the total to 28.3 kg (63 lb) or 283 kg(630 l

24、b) normal load on the specimen. Start the machine againand run until failure occurs due to excessive friction, asdescribed above. Record friction during the break-in cycle andalso record the number of revolutions to failure.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the coefficient of friction from the frictionf

25、orce values as follows:f 5 F/W (2)where:f = coefficient of friction,F = friction force, kg (lb), andW = normal load, kg (lb).11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Report the friction force in both directions at 50, 100,and 1000 cycles. Record the number of revolutions to failu

26、re,(point after wear-in at which a coefficient of friction of 0.1 isreached).11.1.2 Indicate where failure occurred, whether in theinside, middle, or outside of the wear track of the test ring.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe following criteria should be used forjudging the acceptability of t

27、est results (95 % probability).12.1.1 Wear Life Measurement:12.1.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results, obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, and in the normal and correctope

28、ration of the test method, exceed 25 % of the mean only inone case in twenty.12.1.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two,single and independent results, obtained by different operatorsworking in different laboratories on identical test materialwould, in the long run, and in the normal and cor

29、rect operationof the test method, exceed 33 % of the mean only in one casein twenty.12.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in TestMethod D2981 for measuring wear life, no statement on bias isbeing made.13. Keywords13.1 oscillating; s

30、olid film lubricant; wear friction6Benzene, n-hexane or iso octane, formerly used in this test method, has beeneliminated due to possible toxic effects. Though it is not expected that there will beany adverse influence on results, principal users will advise experiences to guidefuture work.FIG. 1 Fa

31、lex Block-on-Ring Test Machine with RecorderD2981 94 (2014)2ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FALEX BLOCK-ON-RING TEST MACHINEA1.1 A stationary rectangular test block bears under apredetermined load, maximum 548 kg (1300 lb), against arotating (or oscillating) ring. The load is accu

32、rately maintainedthroughout the test. Bearing pressures (average Hertz pres-sures) in the line contact area between the rectangular speci-men and the rotating ring may range up to 110 000 psi (759MN/m2).A1.2 In rotational motion, friction is indicated throughoutthe test by a digital indicator. A loa

33、d cell transducer and arecorder are used to obtain friction readings under oscillatingmotion. A counter records the number of revolutions or cyclesof the test ring. One criterion of failure is when the frictionreaches a pre-selected maximum. For this purpose a control onthe friction indicator or rec

34、order can be set for any pre-selectedvalue of friction and the machine will automatically shut offupon reaching it.A1.3 In an alternative method, a thermocouple is imbeddedin the test block and a temperature controller terminates the testwhen the temperature of the test block reaches a previously se

35、tvalue.A1.4 The test shaft of the machine is supported by tworoller bearings and the mandrel end of the shaft protrudesthrough the front panel of the machine where the test speci-mens are mounted. The test block, which is held stationaryagainst the rotating or oscillating ring, is restrained fromhor

36、izontal movement by a unique type of holder. The design ofthis specimen holder allows the test block to align itselfautomatically in a manner prescribed by ASTM specificationsfor compression loaded specimens. This maintains uniformloading throughout the area of contact between the specimensregardles

37、s of the force existing between them. In oscillatingtests, the holder for the stationary specimen is mounted on aspecial friction pin assembly. This assembly is connected to aload cell which is in turn connected to a digital friction meterand a recorder that monitors and records friction.A1.5 The no

38、rmal force between the test specimens isproduced by suspending dead weights from the end of a leversystem which is designed in such a way as to allow the fullvalue of the friction force to be transmitted to the frictionalload pick-up device.A1.6 Speed ranges with variable speed control are available

39、from 0.5 to 7200 rpm. Fluid lubricants can be tested up to amaximum of 204C (400F). With optional equipment, the testchamber can be pressurized to 1.03 MPa (150 psi) run inspecial atmospheres or run in vacuum.A1.7 The friction force indicator used in rotational testing isdirect reading in kilograms

40、or pounds and is fitted with aninfinitely adjustable limit control which allows the operator topreset the value of friction at which the machine will stop. Thesetting is accomplished by presetting the desired value on theautomatic friction cut-off. In oscillating testing, the frictionforce-recorder

41、system provides friction readings in both direc-tions.A1.8 Asix-digit revolution counter is mounted in the digitalinstrumentation system. It is electronically actuated from thetest shaft and is equipped with a reset.A1.9 The machine is furnished complete with all electricalequipment ready to operate

42、 after removal of a few shippingbolts. In addition to the motor, the electrical equipmentincludes control circuit relays and a push-button-controlledmagnetic motor starter for electrical overload and low-voltageprotection.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rig

43、hts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any

44、 time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments wi

45、ll receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by AS

46、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 94 (2014)3