ASTM C29 C29M-2017 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (&x201c Unit Weight&x201d ) and Voids in Aggregate《集料的体积密度(单位重量)和空隙的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: C29/C29M 17 American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T19/T19MStandard Test Method forBulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C29/C29M; the number immediately following the design

2、ation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by a

3、gencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkdensity (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loosecondition, and calculated voids between particles in fine,coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.This test method i

4、s applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125mm 5 in. in nominal maximum size.NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe theproperty determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume(more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).1.2 The values stated in either

5、SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for aspecification with which this test method is used.An exceptionis with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, inwhich the SI values are the standard as stated in SpecificationE11. Within the text,

6、 inch-pound units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address al

7、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Rel

8、ating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)and Absorption of Fine AggregateC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Co

9、nstruction MaterialsC702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregateto Testing SizeC1077 Practice for Agencies Testing Concrete and ConcreteAggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria forTesting Agency EvaluationD75/D75M Practice for Sampling AggregatesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE

10、11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregate33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method aredefined in Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 voi

11、ds, nin unit volume of aggregate, the spacebetween particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solidmineral matter.3.2.1.1 DiscussionVoids within particles, either perme-able or impermeable, are not included in voids as determinedby this test method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is

12、often used to determine bulk densityvalues that are necessary for use for many methods of selectingproportions for concrete mixtures.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.20 on Normal We

13、ight Aggregates.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C29/C29M 16. DOI:10.1520/C0029_C0029M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv

14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportati

15、on.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizati

16、on established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.2 The bulk density also may be used for determiningmass/volume relationships for conversions in

17、 purchase agree-ments. However, the relationship between degree of compac-tion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and thatachieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates inhauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed andsurface moisture (the latter affecting bulking),

18、 while this testmethod determines the bulk density on a dry basis.4.3 Aprocedure is included for computing the percentage ofvoids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk densitydetermined by this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to within 0.05 kg0.1 lb or to w

19、ithin 0.1% of the test load, whichever is greater,at any point within the range of use. The range of use shall beconsidered to extend from the mass of the measure empty tothe mass of the measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m3120lb/ft3.5.2 Tamping RodA round, plain steel rod with a diameterof 16 6 2

20、mm58 6116 in. The length of the tamping rodshall be at least 100 mm 4 in. greater than the depth of themeasure or mold in which rodding is being performed, but notgreater than 750 mm 30 in. in overall length (see Note 2). Therod shall have the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to ahemispherical tip

21、 of the same diameter as the rod. The rod shallbe straight over its length to a tolerance of 0.5 % of its length.5.3 MeasureAcylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal that complies with the requirements of thissection, preferably provided with handles. The measure shallbe watertight

22、 and sufficiently rigid to retain its form underrough usage. The measure shall have a height at least 80 % andnot more than 150 % of the diameter. The capacity of themeasure shall conform to the limits in Table 1 for the aggregatesize to be tested. The thickness of metal in the measure shall beas de

23、scribed in Table 2. The top rim shall be smooth and planewithin 0.3 mm 0.01 in. and shall be parallel to the bottomwithin 0.5 (see Note 2). The interior wall of the measure shallbe a smooth and continuous surface.NOTE 2The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3-mm 0.01-in. feelergage cannot be ins

24、erted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm 14-in. orthicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottom aresatisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate glass in contactwith the top and bottom does not exceed 0.87 % in any direction.5.3.1 Measures larger than nominal 28 L 1 f

25、t3 capacityshall be made of steel.5.4 Shovel or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient sizefor filling the measure with aggregate.5.5 Equipment for Measuring Volume of Measure:5.5.1 Plate GlassA piece of plate glass, at least 6 mm 14in. thick and at least 25 mm 1 in. larger than the diameter ofthe mea

26、sure to be calibrated.5.5.2 GreaseA supply of water-pump, chassis, or similargrease.5.5.3 ThermometerA thermometer having a range of atleast 10 to 32 C 50 to 90 F and that is readable to at least0.5 C 1 F.5.5.4 BalanceA balance as described in 5.1.6. Sampling6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with

27、Practice D75/D75M, and reduce to test sample size in accordance withPractice C702/C702M.7. Test Sample7.1 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall behandled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregatesample to essential

28、ly constant mass, preferably in an oven at110 6 5 C 230 6 9 F.8. Determination of Volume of Measure8.1 Determine the volume of the measures upon initial useand subsequently at a frequency not to exceed 12 months, orwhenever there is reason to question the accuracy of thevolumetric capacity of the me

29、asure. If required, retain a recordof volume determination in accordance with Practice C1077.8.2 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure toprevent leakage of water from the measure.8.4 Fill the measure wit

30、h water that is at room temperatureand cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminatebubbles and excess water. Remove any water that may haveoverflowed onto the measure or plate glass.TABLE 1 Capacity of MeasuresNominal MaximumSize of AggregateCapacity of MeasureAmm in. m3L ft312.512 0.002

31、82.811025.0 1 0.0093 9.31337.5 112 0.014 141275 3 0.028 28 1100 4 0.070 70 212125 5 0.100 100 312AThe indicated size of measure shall be used to test aggregates of a nominalmaximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume

32、 listed.TABLE 2 Requirements for MeasuresUnitsCapacity ofMeasureThickness ofMetal, minBottomUpper 38 mmor 112 in.of wallARemainderof wallSILess than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mmover 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mmover 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mmIn

33、ch-poundLess than 0.4 ft30.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.0.4 ft3to 1.5 ft3, incl 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in.over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.20 in.AThe added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained by placinga reinforcing b

34、and around the top of the measure.C29/C29M 1728.5 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, andmeasure to the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.6 Measure the temperature of the water to the nearest0.5 C 1 F and determine its density from Table 3,interpolating if necessary.8.7 Calculate the volume, V, of

35、the measure. Alternatively,calculate the factor, F, for the measure.NOTE 3For the calculation of bulk density, the volume of the measurein SI units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as 1/m3.However, for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed inlitres.9. Selection of Pr

36、ocedure9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall beused only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the compactbulk density shall be determined by the rodding procedure foraggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm112 in. or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregatesh

37、aving a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112 in.and not exceeding 125 mm 5 in.10. Rodding Procedure10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surfacewith the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes ofthe tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill themeasure tw

38、o-thirds full and again level and rod as above.Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in themanner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggre-gate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that anyslight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregateapproxi

39、mately balance the larger voids in the surface below thetop of the measure.10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strikethe bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second andthird layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than tocause the tamping rod to penetrate to th

40、e previous layer ofaggregate.NOTE 4In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not bepossible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angularaggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigorouseffort is used.10.3 Determine the mass of the measure pl

41、us its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.11. Jigging Procedure11.1 Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers asdescribed in 10.1, compacting each layer by placing themeasure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor,raisin

42、g the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm 2 in., andallowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with asharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by thisprocedure, will arrange themselves in a densely compactedcondition. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50times in the man

43、ner described, 25 times on each side. Level thesurface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge insuch a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of thecoarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in thesurface below the top of the measure.11.2 Determine the mass of

44、 the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.12. Shoveling Procedure12.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovelor scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed50 mm 2 in. above the top of the measure

45、. Exercise care toprevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes ofwhich the sample is composed. Level the surface of theaggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way thatany slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger

46、voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.12.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.13. Calculation13.1 Bulk DensityCalculate the bulk density for therodding, jigging, or shoveling procedure a

47、s follows:M 5 G 2 T!/V (1)orM 5 G 2 T! 3F (2)where:M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3lbft3,G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg lb,T = mass of the measure, kg lb,V = volume of the measure, m3ft3, andF = factor for measure, m3ft3.13.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method

48、isfor aggregate in an oven-dry condition. If the bulk density interms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, usethe exact procedure in this test method, and then calculate theSSD bulk density using the following formula:Mssd 5 M11A/100!# (3)where:MSSD= bulk density in SSD condition, kg

49、/m3lbft3, andA = % absorption, determined in accordance with TestMethod C127 or Test Method C128.13.2 Void ContentCalculate the void content in the aggre-gate using the bulk density determined by either the rodding,jigging, or shoveling procedure, as follows:TABLE 3 Density of WaterTemperaturekg/m3lb/ft3C F15.6 60 999.01 62.36618.3 65 998.54 62.33621.1 70 997.97 62.30123.0 73.4 997.54 62.27423.9 75 997.32 62.26126.7 80 996.59 62.21629.4 85 995.83 62.166C