ASTM C1715-2009 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Water Leakage Performance of Masonry Wall Drainage Systems.pdf

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1、Designation: C 1715 09Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Water Leakage Performance of Masonry WallDrainage Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1715; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y

2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a standard procedure fordetermining the ability of masonry wall drainage systems toc

3、ollect water that penetrates the exterior masonry wythe duringrainstorms and to direct this water back to the exterior surfaceof the wall.1.2 This test method is applicable to wall systems thatcontain an exterior masonry wythe with a drainage space on theinterior face of the exterior wythe. It is no

4、t applicable tosingle-wythe drainage walls.1.3 This test method is not applicable to masonry barrierwalls or other masonry walls that are designed withoutdrainage spaces behind the exterior wythe.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses

5、 are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe

6、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1601 Test Method for Field Determination of WaterPenetration of Masonry Wall SurfacesE 514 Test Method for Water Penetration and L

7、eakageThrough MasonryE 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to build-ing construction used in this test method, see TerminologyE 631. For definitions of terms relating to masonry, brick andclay tile, and concrete masonry units used i

8、n this test method,see Terminology C 1232.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 back-up wall, nthe portion of the wall systemlocated on the interior side of the drainage space.3.2.2 drainage space, nthe space located between theinterior face of the exterior wythe of masonry and th

9、e exteriorface of the back-up wall or the water-resistive barrier placed onthe exterior face of the back-up wall to facilitate the flow ofwater to a flashing or water collection system.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe drainage space may contain mate-rials or components designed to permit water movement.3.2.3 f

10、lashing, nan impervious material placed at speci-fied locations in a masonry wall drainage system to collect anddirect water penetrating through the exterior wythe of masonryto the exterior face of the exterior wythe of masonry by meansof a weep system.3.2.4 masonry barrier wall, nsingle or multi-wy

11、the ma-sonry wall system that does not contain a drainage spacedirectly behind the exterior masonry wythe.3.2.5 masonry drainage wall, nmasonry wall systemdesigned with a drainage space immediately behind the exte-rior masonry wythe that allows water penetrating the masonryto flow down the drainage

12、space where the water is collectedand diverted by flashing to the exterior face of the exteriorwythe or collected and drained by some other water collectionsystem.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThis wall type includes: masonry cav-ity walls; anchored masonry veneer walls; insulated cavitywalls; and any other mas

13、onry wall systems with a drainagespace.3.2.6 masonry wall drainage system, nthe drainage space,the water resistive barrier (where included), the flashing orother water collection devices, and the weep system in amasonry drainage wall designed to collect water that penetratesthe exterior masonry wyth

14、e and direct it back to the exteriorface of the exterior masonry wythe.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe masonry wall drainage system in-cludes any other devices within the wall system that facilitatethe flow of water within the drainage space and to the weeps orthat prevent mortar from blocking weeps.1This tes

15、t method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published July 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus

16、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.7 masonry wall system, nall co

17、mponents of an exte-rior wall including the exterior masonry wythe, wall ties oranchors, the drainage system (if included), the back-up wall,insulation, and wall finishes.3.2.7.1 DiscussionBy definition in this standard, a ma-sonry wall system shall consist of at least an exterior masonrywythe expos

18、ed to weather.3.2.8 water leakage, npenetration of water beyond theinnermost plane bounding the masonry wall drainage system orwater penetration below or behind flashings.3.2.9 water collection system, na trough system or similarsystem at the base of a drainage space or a portion of thattrough syste

19、m, used in lieu of flashing, intended to collect anywater that penetrates the exterior wythe of masonry and directthat water to a drainage system.3.2.10 water resistive barrier, na coating or membrane onthe exterior surface of the back-up wall that is intended toprevent water, which has penetrated t

20、he exterior masonrywythe and has bridged the air space, from reaching the surfaceof the back-up wall and to direct this water into the flashing orwater collection system below.3.2.11 weep system, na series of openings, tubes, wicks,vents, or other devices at the top surface of the flashing thatfacil

21、itate the flow of water that collects on the flashing back tothe exterior surface of the wall.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method introduces water directly into themasonry wall drainage system through holes drilled in theexterior masonry wythe. Water is introduced along the interiorface of

22、 the exterior masonry wythe by means of hoses at eachentry point. These hoses are connected to a common watersource. The flow rates are controlled by flow regulatorsattached to each of the entry point hoses or to a manifold thatdistributes water uniformly to multiple hoses. This standardsets limits

23、for several parameters to control the velocity andvolume of the water at points of entry as well as limits on theminimum number and maximum spacing of entry points toprovide uniform distribution of water along the interior face ofthe exterior masonry wythe. Interior and exterior observationsare perf

24、ormed before, during, and after the test to detect waterleakage and to observe the discharge of water to the exterior.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is suitable for use on walls to deter-mine the ability of masonry wall drainage systems to collectwater penetrating the exterior wythe and

25、 to direct this waterback to the exterior surface of the exterior wythe. Removal ofa portion of the interior wall finishes is desirable to observeleakage into backup walls. Even with removal of interiorfinishes, in many cases it is not practical to observe surfacesbehind spandrel beams, columns, or

26、other obstructions. Poten-tial areas where leakage may occur but that are not visibleduring the test shall be considered when interpreting the resultsof the test and shall be recorded in the report.5.2 This test method is suitable for use on mock-up walls todetermine the performance of masonry wall

27、drainage systems.5.3 This test method is suitable for evaluating the effective-ness of flashing repairs.6. Apparatus6.1 Major components:6.1.1 Water Sourcea source of potable water under pres-sure such as the local pressurized water supply, a water supplyconnected to a pump, or water from an elevate

28、d storage tank.6.1.2 Flow Metera device capable of measuring the waterflow with sufficient accuracy to meet the permitted variationslisted in Section 7. The flow meter shall be either integral withor following the flow regulator. Flow meters are connected toeach water entry point (Type l as shown in

29、 Fig. 1). If all waterentry points are located within 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) from theaverage height of water entry points, the flow meter ispermitted to be attached to a distribution manifold connected tomultiple entry points (Type 2 as shown in Fig. 2) provided thetop of the distribution manifold is loc

30、ated at least 10 in. (254mm) below the lowest entry point, the entry point hoses are thesame length (within 1.0 in. (25.4 mm), and the entry points areevenly spaced (within 10 % of average spacing).NOTE 1Using separate flow meters and flow regulators attached toeach entry point allows adjustment of

31、the spacing, height, and flow ratesat the entry points based on the tributary area of the wall represented byeach entry point. When using a manifold attached to a single flow meterand flow regulator, the spacing, height, and flow rates at each entry pointsupplied by the manifold must be approximatel

32、y equal. To ensure that theflow rates from the entry point hoses are within the specified tolerance, theheights of the entry points above the flow meter need to be approximatelyequal, the lowest entry point must exceed the minimum height above thedistribution manifold, and the length of each hose ne

33、ed to be approxi-mately equal. Conformance to the specified tolerance is verified duringcalibration.6.1.3 Flow Regulatora valve, either integral with the flowmeters or separate, to control the rate of water flow.6.1.4 Entry Point Hoseshoses attached directly to theflow meter or to a distribution man

34、ifold for the purpose ofsupplying water into the masonry wall drainage system. Thediameter of these hoses shall be large enough to ensure that theexterior face of the water flow shall extend no farther than 0.25in. (6.4 mm) horizontally beyond the end of the hose at adistance of 20 in. (508 mm) belo

35、w the end of the hose (Fig. 3).NOTE 2High velocity water leaving small diameter hoses may causewater to project beyond the interior face of the exterior wythe. Thisrequirement is intended to ensure that water will flow down the interiorsurface of the exterior wythe.6.1.5 Distribution Manifolda serie

36、s of pipes, tees, elbowsand other plumbing connections used to distribute water fromthe water source to each of the water entry points.6.1.6 Graduated Cylindera clear plastic or glass cylinderwhich is sealed at one end and contains graduations to measurequantities of water with an accuracy of 0.034

37、oz (1 mL).6.1.7 Entry Pointa hole drilled through a mortar headjoint in the exterior wythe of masonry through which water isdirected into the drainage space during the test. Drill entrypoint holes at a 30 6 5 angle downward (Fig. 4).NOTE 3The 30 downward angle is intended to prevent water fromflowin

38、g back to the exterior through the entry points during the test.7. Calibration7.1 Verify the ability of the test apparatus to meet theapplicable requirements by setting up and testing the apparatusC1715092FIG. 1 Flow Meter Connected to Each Entry Point (Type 1)FIG. 2 Flow Meter Connected to Multiple

39、 Entry Points (Type 2)C1715093in a laboratory. Perform the calibration after initial fabricationand at least once per year. Verify three test levels during eachcalibration: the highest flow rate at which the apparatus isdesigned to operate, the lowest flow rate at which the apparatusis designed to o

40、perate, and the midpoint between these two testflow rates.7.2 Position the ends of the water entry hoses at thespecified angle listed in 6.1.7 (Fig. 4).7.3 Check the horizontal projection of water flow from theend of at least one of the hoses to demonstrate that the hoseconforms to the requirements

41、of 6.1.4. Locate the measurementdevice a minimum of 20 in. (508 mm) below the hose. Themeasurement device is used to measure the distance from apoint directly below the lower edge of the tip of the water entryhose to the outer edge of the water flow within an accuracy of0.04 in. (l mm), as shown in

42、Fig. 3. The exterior face of thewater flow shall extend no farther than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm)horizontally beyond the end of the hose. Perform this check atthe maximum flow rate at which the water entry hose will beused.7.4 For an apparatus that uses a flow meter and flowregulator attached to a distribut

43、ion manifold connected tomultiple entry points (Type 2), calibrate the apparatus bysetting up the system in a laboratory so that the water entrypoints are located at the same level (within 0.08 in. (2 mm)except that one entry point is positioned 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)above the average level and one entry

44、 point is positioned 0.5 in.(12.7 mm) below the average level. Set the height between theaverage level of the entry points and the top of the flow meterat the specified minimum level specified in 6.1.2.7.5 Verify the flow rate at each entry point in either theType 1 or the Type 2 apparatus using a g

45、raduated cylinder bycollecting water for a minimum of 30 s after the system hasbeen operating for a minimum of 5 min. The measured flowrate at any entry point hose shall not vary more than 25 % fromthe test flow rate at each entry point. The total flow rate,determined by adding the flow rates from e

46、ach of the entrypoint hoses, shall not vary more than 15 % from the test flowrate at each entry point multiplied by the total number of entrypoints.8. Weather Conditions8.1 Conduct test when the temperatures of the exterior airand of the exterior surface of the masonry are not less than40F (5C).8.2

47、Conduct test when the surface of the wall is visibly dryor include in the report the location and the extent or magnitudeof moisture present on or within the test wall with photographs,FIG. 3 Entry Point HoseC1715094moisture measurements, drawings or notes so that any changein the moisture throughou

48、t the test is visible.9. Preparation of Test Apparatus9.1 Install entry points on the exterior face of the exteriormasonry wythe at a distance above the base of the masonrywall drainage system or element to be tested that is greater thanor equal to the spacing of the entry points, but not less than

49、16in. (406 mm) (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6)NOTE 4The element to be tested may include the flashing or watercollection system within the height of the wall; the portion of the wallsystem where past interior leakage has occurred; a window or otherinterruption in the drainage space.9.2 Locate entry points in head joints in the exteriormasonry wall. The spacing between any two entry points shallnot to exceed 32 in. (813 mm) on center. Position the first andlast entry points within13 to23 of the average spacing of entrypoints from the ends of the length of wall b