API VOCATIONAL BOOK 5-1994 Vocational Training - Book 5 - Wireline Operations and Procedures (Third Edition).pdf
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1、WIRELINE OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES THIRD EDITION BOOK 5 OF THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING SERIES EXPLORATION however, these are also easily transport- able by truck to remote locations. Since early days when the operator used a small hand crank and spool containing a short length of solid wire, many mecha-
2、 nisms have been developed for supplying the power source to turn the wireline spool. When the solid wireline proved a prac- tical means of depth determination, and the need for greater depth runs developed, the power source also changed. Many new methods of rotating the reel came into use, such as:
3、 gaso- line engines equipped with speed-reduction devices; diesel engines; electric motors; and hydraulic pumps and motors. Due to fire hazard on offshore locations, a number of op- erators have restricted the use of sparking power sources and actuating devices. Diesel wireline units operating on th
4、e Outer Continental Shelf are required to be equipped with spark ar- restor mufflers and shut down devices on the air intakes. Transporting the wireline and associated equipment to a lo- cation is obviously a necessary part of the job. Surface equip- ment to be used at the wellsite is likewise an ob
5、vious necessity. The surface equipment required to perform wireline opera- tions depends largely on the well pressure and tubing size. Figure 1-1 shows the standard components used in a normal wireline operation on a well with less than 5000 psi surface pressure and 2% inch ID tubing. The surface eq
6、uipment list corresponds to the item numbers in Fig. 1-1.“ *A certain amount of flexibility must be considered when rigging up the surface equipment. The components are named and numbered only for identification by the reader as they are discussed in this chapter. 2 Wireline Operations and Procedure
7、s WIRELINE l. Wireline 2. Measuring Device 3. Weight Indicator 4. Reel System(s) 5. Floor Blocks and Pulleys 6. Stuffing Box and Blowout Preventer or Back Pressure Valve. 7. Lubricators 8. Quick Unions 9. Blowout Preventer) Wireline Valve 10. Gin Pole and Mast 11. Bleeder Valve Fig. 1-1 - Wireline s
8、uace equipment (Example of an arrangement) The earliest wireline used in measuring well depth was a flat steel tape with marked or stamped figures indicating foot- age, similar to a surveyors tape. As well depths increased, tape of sufficient length became difficult to obtain. Correct depth readings
9、 were also a problem - stretching of the cali- brated tape under load caused inaccurate measurement. When the flat tape was lowered into a well under pressure, the stuff- ing box and pack-off added to the problems. These disadvan- tages brought about the adoption of the solid wireline for depth meas
10、urements and pack-off control. The line was tagged at equal increments of length and the operator kept a record of the amount of line reeled in and out. Later, measuring devices with calibrated wheels came into use because they were more convenient and provided accurate measurements. The mea- suring
11、 device is discussed in detail later in this chapter. Solid Wireline Deeper wells and heavier loads imposed on the measuring lines necessitated development of high-strength steel wireline to minimize weight of the wire and size of the hoisting equip- ment. A small-diameter wire was developed with th
12、e follow- ing results: 1. Reduces the load due to its own weight. 2. May be lowered over a small-diameter sheave. TABLE NO. 1 (Solid Wireline) WELL-MEASURING WIRE SPECIFICATIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nominal Diameter in. 0.066 0.072 0.082 0.092 0.105 O. 108 mm 1.68 1.83 2.08 2.34 2.67 2.74 Tolerance on diam
13、eter in. - +0.001 - +0.001 kO.001 kO.001 kO.001 - +0.001 mm - +0.03 - +0.03 k0.03 k0.03 k0.03 +0.03 Breaking strength Minimum lb . 8 11 961 1239 1547 1996 2109 kN 3.61 4.27 5.51 6.88 8.74 9.38 Maximum lb 984 1166 1504 1877 242 1 2560 kN 4.38 5.19 6.69 8.35 10.77 11.38 - Elongation in 10 in. (254 mm)
14、, per cent Minimum . 1 Il2 1% 1 I2 1 112 1112 1 12 Torsions, minimum number of twists in 8 in. (203 mm) . 32 29 26 23 20 19 *For well-measuring wire of other materials or coatings, refer to supplier for physical properties, Surface Equipment 3 3. May be wound on a small-diameter spool or reel withou
15、t over-stressing by bending, keeping the size of the reel drum to a minimum. 4. Provides a small cross-sectional area for operation un- der pressure. The most common diameter sizes of solid measuring line currently in use are: 0.066,0.072,0.082,0.092 and 0.105 inch. Larger diameter line, 0.108 and 0
16、.125 inch, are being used to some degree in wells with tubing strings larger than 2% inch ID. Measuring lines are available from the mills in one piece in standard lengths of 10,000, 12,000,15,000, 18,000,20,000 and 25,000 feet. The most popular material, because of its high ultimate tensile strengt
17、h, good ductility and relatively low cost, is improved plow steel. Cold-drawn improvedplow-steel measuring line has an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 230,000 to 240,000 psi. API Specification 9A, Specification for Wire Rope“ contains a section on well-measuring wire specifications. Table
18、 No. 1 contains requirements from API Spec 9A as well as information developed for this manual. No wireline manual would be complete without mentioning Hydrogen Sulfide (HzS) sometimes referred to as “sour gas“, and Carbon Dioxide (COZ). Many wells drilled in the past few years have been deeper comp
19、letions in sour gas reservoirs. Severe corrosion, excessive temperatures and pressures -plus depth - have introduced many wireline problems that were unknown a few years ago. When corrosive components are encountered in a well, cold-drawn improved plow-steel lines may be affected by hydrogen embritt
20、lement resulting in re- duced service life. For service in hydrogen sulfide atmospheres, Type 316 stainless steel is recommended because of its resis- tance to hydrogen embrittlement. The ultimate strength of stain- less steel measuring line is lower than that of improved plow- steel, its cost is ap
21、preciably greater, and it is less ductile. It is more susceptible to cold working which results in brittleness and reduction of service life. There are several methods which can be used in wireline operations to reduce or eliminate poten- tial problems where corrosive environment is present. These m
22、ethods are discussed in Chapter 4 - Wireline Operations. Stranded Line Stranded line is commonly used to replace solid line when line size is larger than 0.105-inch and added strength is re- quired. This line is available in the following sizes: % inch (0.125), 164 inch (0.141), %Z inch (0.156), 3/1
23、6 inch (0.187), 1/4 inch (0.250), and 5/16 inch (0.3 12). Wireline Handling In order to realize good service and maximum life from wireline, it is necessary to take certain precautions in its han- dling and usage. Figure 1-2 shows the right and wrong prac- tices when transferring or rewinding wireli
24、ne. 1. Properly transferring the measuring line from the ship- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ping spool to the reel is very important for extending the performance and service life of the line. Fig. 1-2(A) shows a recommended setup for rewinding so that the curvature of the line is not reversed. Fig. 1-2(B) shows
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