IEEE 1561-2007 - IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems.pdf

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1、IEEE Std 1561 -2007 IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 8 May 2008 IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 Sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Ph

2、otovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage 1561 TMRecognized as an IEEE Std 1561 TM -2007 American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead-Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cel

3、ls, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Approved 15 April 2008 American National Standards Institute Approved 5 December 2007 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide is applicable to lead-acid batteries that are used as the energy storage component in remote hybrid power sup

4、plies. The remote hybrid application, with its dual generator option, i.e., both renewable and dispatchable generation, is advantageous in that the battery can usually be charged at will and under circumstances that may also be advantageous for the dispatchable generator. Keywords: charge control, d

5、eficit-charge cycling, oxygen recombination cycle, remote hybrid power systems, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, vented lead-acid batteries The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2008 by the Institute of Electrical

6、 and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 May 2008. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained throu

7、gh the Copyright Clearance Center.iv Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1561-2007, IEEE Guide for Optimizing the Performance and Life of Lead- Acid Batteries in Remote Hybrid Power Systems. This document is the initial edition of a guide

8、intended to enhance the performance and life of lead-acid batteries used in remote hybrid power supplies. Electrical power from remote hybrid power systems can dramatically enhance the quality of life for multitudes in remote areas that lack access to a reliable, well- regulated source of electrical

9、 energy, and remote hybrid systems are increasingly a response to that growing, urgent need. Well-designed hybrid systems, used within the constraints of their capacities and capabilities, can supply reliable, continuous electrical power to these remote loads. Lead-acid batteries are often selected

10、for these applications because of their suitability, low cost, and near-universal availability. These batteries, however, do not always perform to expectations in these applications. This guide addresses factors that affect lead-acid batteries in these applications and suggests choices and practices

11、 that can enhance both their performance and life. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of th

12、e standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is

13、 copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self- regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document avai

14、lable for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amende

15、d from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the curr

16、ent edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association Web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Ass

17、ociation or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA Web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. v Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/i

18、ndex.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may requi

19、re use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for c

20、onducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non- discriminatory. Users of this standard are ex

21、pressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standar

22、ds Board for approval, SCC21 had the following membership: Richard DeBlasio, Chair Stephen Chalmers, Vice Chair Thomas Basso, Secretary David L. Basset John J. Bzura Jay L. Chamberlin James M. Daley Douglas C. Dawson Frank Goodman Kelvin Hecht Joseph L. Keopfinger Benjamin Kroposki Robert Saint Mall

23、ur N. Satyanarayan Timothy P. Zgonena vi Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Energy Storage Working group of Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photolvoltics, Dispersed Generation and

24、Energy Storage had the following membership: Peter McNutt, Chair Carl Parker, Task Leader Ken Sanders, Secretary Howard Barikmo Paul Butler Rob Cary Jay Chamberlin Garth Corey Lauren Giles Bob Hammond Thomas Hund Liang Ji Larry Meisner Haissam Nasrat Michael Nispel Rob Rallo Jan Reber Stephen Vechy

25、John Wiles The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Curtis Ashton Ali Al Awazi Thomas Basso Robert Beavers Steven Bezner Steven Brockschink Thomas Carpenter James Case Jay C

26、hamberlin Mark Clark Tommy Cooper Garth Corey Eddie L. Davis Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Randall Groves Ajit Gwal David Horvath Dennis Horwitz David Ittner, Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Chung-Yiu Lam William Lumpkins Keith N. Malmedal James Mcdowall Peter Mcnutt Gary Michel Keith Moore Jerry Murp

27、hy Haissam Nasrat Michael S. Newman Robert Rallo Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Randall Safier Bartien Sayogo Devki Sharma Herbert Sinnock Stephen Vechy James Wilson Oren Yuen When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2007, it had the following membership: Steve M. Mills,

28、 Chair Robert M. Grow, Vice Chair Don Wright, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Richard DeBlasio Alex Gelman William R. Goldbach Arnold M. Greenspan Joanna N. Guenin Kenneth S. Hanus William B. Hopf Richard H. Hulett Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ronald

29、C. Petersen Tom A. Prevost Narayanan Ramachandran Greg Ratta Robby Robson Anne-Marie Sahazizian Virginia C. Sulzberger Malcolm V. Thaden Richard L. Townsend Howard L. Wolfman *Member Emeritus vii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Bo

30、ard liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael H. Kelley, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development William A. Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development viii Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1.

31、Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Technology overview . 3 5. Battery safety considerations 5 6. Battery installation criteria and installation procedures 5 6.1 Parallel strings . 5 7. Hybrid-supply system considerations. 6 7.1 Battery selection crit

32、eria 6 7.2 Battery sizing considerations. 7 7.3 Other sizing considerations 8 7.4 Battery charge control 9 7.5 Battery temperature considerations . 14 7.6 Effects of altitude on VRLA batteries . 17 7.7 Effects of humidity on VRLA batteries. 17 8. System operations. 17 9. Maintenance . 18 Annex A (informative) Lead-acid battery technologies . 19 A.1 Overview 19 A.2 Battery applications 21 A.3 Vented batteries 21 A.4 VRLA batteries. 22 A.5 The oxygen recombination cycle 23 A.6 Failure mechanisms 23 A.7 Charging . 24 Annex B (informative) Bibliography 25