大学六级-1513及答案解析.doc
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1、大学六级-1513 及答案解析(总分:667.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数:1,分数:106.00)1.闭队精神对人的成长至又重要2但现在许多人缺乏闭队精神3在 我看来How to Cultivate Team Spirit?_(分数:106.00)_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数:1,分数:70.00)DepressionIn bed, you toss and turn, unable to get a good nights sleep. You feel anxious and worried. Theres plenty to d
2、o, but the work piles up because you feel listless and tired. You dont even want to do anything fun. Friends tell you to “pull yourself together,“ but you feel helpless and hopeless. You have difficulty concentrating and making decisions. When you look in the mirror, you hate yourself. You are defin
3、itely in one of lifes valleysyou are depressed.Everyone gets the blues once in a while. Emotional lows and highs are a normal part of life. The blues become depression when you feel so sleepy and listless that you cant function normally in everyday life.Types of DepressionDepression can range from a
4、 mild panic to self-destructive or suicidal behavior, Its important to understand the various types of depression so that you can recognize them.Depression occurs at all ages, although major depressive episodes peak between the ages of 55 and 70 in men and 20 and 45 in women. About half of those who
5、 experience an episode of major depression will have another within two years. For some people, episodes of depression are separated by several years, while others suffer groups of episodes over a short time span. Between episodes, such individuals feel well.Major depressive disorder affects approxi
6、mately 14.8 million American adults or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population aged 18 years and olderin a given year. Major depressive disorder is more common in women than in men. Although treatment can help more than 80 percent of people with severe depression, most people with depression do not seek
7、treatment. Reactive depression. This type of depression is a reaction to stressful eventsdivorce, death of a loved one, a chronic illness, a personal tragedy, or even social isolation, which the elderly frequently experience. The person is unable to recover normally from the feelings associated with
8、 the event. Common feelings include self-pity, pessimism, and loss of interest in life. It affects people of all ages. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). If you live in the northern latitudes and suffer depression during the winter months, you may suffer from seasonal affective disorder caused by a
9、lack of exposure to sunlight. Doctors arent sure exactly what physiological mechanisms are at work in SAD, but they speculate that depressed feelings and other symptoms may be due to an increase in the release of the hormone meltonin. SAD sufferers feel lethargic and irritable. They may also suffer
10、from chronic headaches, increased appetite, weight gain, and an increased need for sleep. For unknown reasons, SAD is truly a “womans depression,“ in that women make up 70 percent to 80 percent of those affected. Since about half of all SAD sufferers have relatives who also suffer from SAD or other
11、emotional problems, researchers speculate that the problem may be inherited. Biochemical depression. Doctors arent sure why, but some people develop a biochemically based depression sometime during midlife. Its likely that this type of depression is caused by biochemical problems within the brain. T
12、he problem usually responds well to antidepressant medication. You may be more likely to develop this type of chemical depression if other members of your family have also suffered from this problem. Disease or drug-related depression. Some diseases such as AIDS, stroke, chronic pain, and hypothyroi
13、dism (甲状腺功能减退) can cause depression. In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland (甲状腺) malfunctions, leading to too little or no thyroid hormone circulating in the bloodstream. In addition to depression, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weakness, weight gain, impaired memory, and shortness
14、 of breath. Fortunately, the depression and other symptoms of hypothyroidism can be effectively treated with adequate doses of thyroid hormone.Certain drugs such as alcohol, tranquilizers (镇定剂), and heart and blood pressure medications, as well as withdrawal from some street drugs like cocaine, can
15、cause drug-related depression. Some women who take birth control pills find the drugs make them irritable, anxious, and depressed. And a deficiency in some nutrients has been linked to depression. Teenage depression. Recognizing depression in children is important. Depression in teenagers may appear
16、 somewhat different from adult depression. The teenage years are a period of complicated conflicts that lead many young people to develop negative self-esteem, anxieties, and fears about their future. Some young people become overwhelmed by peer pressures and feelings of isolation and powerlessness.
17、 Social expectations may be unrealistic, and doing poorly in school can lead to a feeling of rejection. The young person may have experienced a lack of support from family and other significant people and a decrease in his or her ability to cope effectively. (As is the case for adults, treatment for
18、 depression in teenagers may involve a combination of therapies.)Causes of DepressionDepression may be related to many factors, including a family history of depression, medical illnesses, alcohol, drugs, gender, and age. Additionally, an individuals self-confidence, personality traitssuch as depend
19、ency on others or perfectionismand unrealistic expectations may lead to depression. Stressful events, such as death of a spouse or loss of a job, also contribute to de pression. Many people with major depression also suffer from intense anxiety. Theories of Depression. There are many theories about
20、the causes of depression. The social learning theory, suggests that lack of positive reinforcement from others may lead to negative self-evaluation and a poor outlook for the future. The psychoanalytic theory, suggests that a significant loss (such as of a parent) or a withdrawal of affection in chi
21、ldhood (whether real or perceived) may lead to depression in later life. Interpersonal theory emphasizes the importance of social connections for good mental health. Other theories suggest that unrealistic expectations of oneself and others and loss of sell-esteem are essential components leading to
22、 depression.Some individuals may be biologically predisposed to depression; in other words, they may have been born with a tendency to develop depression. Researchers continue to investigate chemical reactions in the body that are controlled by these genes. Depression often runs in families. For exa
23、mple, if one identical twin suffers from depression, the other twin has a 70 percent chance of also having the illness. Environmental Influences. Researchers view depression as the result of interaction between environmental and biological factors. Depression can be endogenous (internally caused) or
24、 exogenous (related to outside events). Major changes in ones environment, such as a move or job change, or any major loss, such as a divorce or death of a loved one, can bring on depression. Feeling depressed in response to these changes is normal, but when it becomes a severe long term condition (
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