1、大学六级-1513 及答案解析(总分：667.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.闭队精神对人的成长至又重要2但现在许多人缺乏闭队精神3在 我看来How to Cultivate Team Spirit?_（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)DepressionIn bed, you toss and turn, unable to get a good nights sleep. You feel anxious and worried. Theres plenty to d
2、o, but the work piles up because you feel listless and tired. You dont even want to do anything fun. Friends tell you to “pull yourself together,“ but you feel helpless and hopeless. You have difficulty concentrating and making decisions. When you look in the mirror, you hate yourself. You are defin
3、itely in one of lifes valleysyou are depressed.Everyone gets the blues once in a while. Emotional lows and highs are a normal part of life. The blues become depression when you feel so sleepy and listless that you cant function normally in everyday life.Types of DepressionDepression can range from a
4、 mild panic to self-destructive or suicidal behavior, Its important to understand the various types of depression so that you can recognize them.Depression occurs at all ages, although major depressive episodes peak between the ages of 55 and 70 in men and 20 and 45 in women. About half of those who
5、 experience an episode of major depression will have another within two years. For some people, episodes of depression are separated by several years, while others suffer groups of episodes over a short time span. Between episodes, such individuals feel well.Major depressive disorder affects approxi
6、mately 14.8 million American adults or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population aged 18 years and olderin a given year. Major depressive disorder is more common in women than in men. Although treatment can help more than 80 percent of people with severe depression, most people with depression do not seek
7、treatment. Reactive depression. This type of depression is a reaction to stressful eventsdivorce, death of a loved one, a chronic illness, a personal tragedy, or even social isolation, which the elderly frequently experience. The person is unable to recover normally from the feelings associated with
8、 the event. Common feelings include self-pity, pessimism, and loss of interest in life. It affects people of all ages. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). If you live in the northern latitudes and suffer depression during the winter months, you may suffer from seasonal affective disorder caused by a
9、lack of exposure to sunlight. Doctors arent sure exactly what physiological mechanisms are at work in SAD, but they speculate that depressed feelings and other symptoms may be due to an increase in the release of the hormone meltonin. SAD sufferers feel lethargic and irritable. They may also suffer
10、from chronic headaches, increased appetite, weight gain, and an increased need for sleep. For unknown reasons, SAD is truly a “womans depression,“ in that women make up 70 percent to 80 percent of those affected. Since about half of all SAD sufferers have relatives who also suffer from SAD or other
11、emotional problems, researchers speculate that the problem may be inherited. Biochemical depression. Doctors arent sure why, but some people develop a biochemically based depression sometime during midlife. Its likely that this type of depression is caused by biochemical problems within the brain. T
12、he problem usually responds well to antidepressant medication. You may be more likely to develop this type of chemical depression if other members of your family have also suffered from this problem. Disease or drug-related depression. Some diseases such as AIDS, stroke, chronic pain, and hypothyroi
13、dism (甲状腺功能减退) can cause depression. In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland (甲状腺) malfunctions, leading to too little or no thyroid hormone circulating in the bloodstream. In addition to depression, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weakness, weight gain, impaired memory, and shortness
14、 of breath. Fortunately, the depression and other symptoms of hypothyroidism can be effectively treated with adequate doses of thyroid hormone.Certain drugs such as alcohol, tranquilizers (镇定剂), and heart and blood pressure medications, as well as withdrawal from some street drugs like cocaine, can
15、cause drug-related depression. Some women who take birth control pills find the drugs make them irritable, anxious, and depressed. And a deficiency in some nutrients has been linked to depression. Teenage depression. Recognizing depression in children is important. Depression in teenagers may appear
16、 somewhat different from adult depression. The teenage years are a period of complicated conflicts that lead many young people to develop negative self-esteem, anxieties, and fears about their future. Some young people become overwhelmed by peer pressures and feelings of isolation and powerlessness.
17、 Social expectations may be unrealistic, and doing poorly in school can lead to a feeling of rejection. The young person may have experienced a lack of support from family and other significant people and a decrease in his or her ability to cope effectively. (As is the case for adults, treatment for
18、 depression in teenagers may involve a combination of therapies.)Causes of DepressionDepression may be related to many factors, including a family history of depression, medical illnesses, alcohol, drugs, gender, and age. Additionally, an individuals self-confidence, personality traitssuch as depend
19、ency on others or perfectionismand unrealistic expectations may lead to depression. Stressful events, such as death of a spouse or loss of a job, also contribute to de pression. Many people with major depression also suffer from intense anxiety. Theories of Depression. There are many theories about
20、the causes of depression. The social learning theory, suggests that lack of positive reinforcement from others may lead to negative self-evaluation and a poor outlook for the future. The psychoanalytic theory, suggests that a significant loss (such as of a parent) or a withdrawal of affection in chi
21、ldhood (whether real or perceived) may lead to depression in later life. Interpersonal theory emphasizes the importance of social connections for good mental health. Other theories suggest that unrealistic expectations of oneself and others and loss of sell-esteem are essential components leading to
22、 depression.Some individuals may be biologically predisposed to depression; in other words, they may have been born with a tendency to develop depression. Researchers continue to investigate chemical reactions in the body that are controlled by these genes. Depression often runs in families. For exa
23、mple, if one identical twin suffers from depression, the other twin has a 70 percent chance of also having the illness. Environmental Influences. Researchers view depression as the result of interaction between environmental and biological factors. Depression can be endogenous (internally caused) or
24、 exogenous (related to outside events). Major changes in ones environment, such as a move or job change, or any major loss, such as a divorce or death of a loved one, can bring on depression. Feeling depressed in response to these changes is normal, but when it becomes a severe long term condition (
25、longer than one month) and interferes with effective functioning, it requires treatment.Some environmental factors relating to depression include being unemployed, poor, elderly, or alone. Depression changes ones way of looking at ordinary life circumstances. A depressed person tends to exaggerate n
26、egative aspects, which leads to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and being overwhelmed.Symptoms of DepressionHow do you recognize symptoms of depression in yourself and others? People who suffer from depression have a number of symptoms nearly every day, all day, tor at least two weeks. De pr
27、essed people have feelings of extreme sadness, hopelessness, despair, low self-worth, and helplessness. For some people, depression is marked by anxiety, withdrawal from others, loss of sleep or excessive need for sleep, constant fatigue, loss of appetite or compulsive eating, loss of sexual desire,
28、 either lethargy or agitation, an inability to concentrate and make decisions, and possibly exaggerated feelings of guilt.Many depressed individuals have mental and physical symptoms that seem endless and do not get better with happy events or good news. Some depressed people are so disabled by thei
29、r condition that they dont have enough energy to call a friend, relative, or medical professional for help. If another person calls for them. these people may refuse to go because they have no hope that they can be helped. However, family and friends should keep trying to get the depressed person to
30、 seek help, because up to 15 percent of those who suffer from severe clinical depression commit suicide.（分数：70.00）(1).Major depressive episodes happen to women earlier than men.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).People who suffer from groups of depressive episodes feel bad all the time.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).A large
31、percentage of severe depression can he relieved or treated but in reality, most of them are not seriously taken.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).People who suffer from the reactive depression are very possibly unable to lead a normal life.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).Doctors assume that Seasonal Affective Disorder might
32、occur when there is a higher degree of released _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Some middle-aged people tend to suffer from Biochemical depression which might result from _ within the brain.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).Just like fatigue and weakness, depression is one symptom of_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Treatment for depr
33、ession in teenagers as well as adults requires _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to interpersonal theory of depression; people might be mentally ill without enough _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).A depressed person might feel hopeless, helpless and overwhelmed if he is inclined to _ of life.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、P
34、art Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)A.The man and the woman went to the cinema to see a film on space exploration.B.Both of the man and the woman appreciated the film on TV very much.C.Both of the man and the woman liked space exploration.D.The woman was impressed by the expl
35、oration the man made.A.He is curious.B.He is impatient.C.He is exhausted.D.He is satisfied.A.The womans boss didnt know she was late for work.B.The womans boss asked why she wasnt there on time.C.The womans boss doesnt have a habit of being on time.D.The womans boss wants her to keep a habit of bein
36、g punctual.A.50 minutes.B.30 minutes.C.25 minutes.D.15 minutes.A.A professional window cleaner.B.Automotive salesperson.C.Service station attendant.D.Grocery store manager.A.She should be careful about how to spend her money.B.She should not buy the brown suit.C.She should think carefully when she w
37、ants to buy the brown suit.D.He would help her to buy the brown suit.A.Their parents cut back the loan to them.B.The woman doesnt want to take another English course.C.They cant afford the rent of this month.D.The womans boss refused to give her a raise.A.Looking for an apartment.B.Looking for a job
38、.C.Taking a suburban excursion.D.Asking the man for his opinions.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.It is getting things done through other people.B.It is helping an organization find the right staff.C.It is assembling people of different abilities.D.It
39、is communicating between colleagues.A.They should be avoided by all means.B.They are bad for effective management.C.They can be good for an organization.D.They are surprisingly complicated.A.Delegation is a ticket to foreign trade.B.Managers shouldnt merely be a “doer“.C.Leadership is a born ability
40、.D.Delegation is the most important thing in management.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.Many of her books are bestsellers.B.She is a shrewd bookstore owner.C.She is promoting her book in person.D.She is a salesperson at the bookstore.A.It has been the
41、 bestseller for weeks.B.It advises people to change themselves.C.It is being sold at a very low price.D.It distinguishes cooperators.A.A man careful with money.B.A book-lover.C.A noisy reader.D.A trouble-maker.A.Someone who always talks about himself.B.The most violent type of co-workers.C.Someone w
42、ho stabs your back.D.The most common annoying type of people.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.She worked in a supermarket for tuition.B.She helped someone to learn to read.C.She gave single mothers the help that they ne
43、eded.D.She went to a training program to help a volunteer.A.She knew where the goods were in the supermarket.B.She asked others to take her to the right place.C.She managed to find the goods by their looks.D.She remembered the names of the goods.A.Marie benefited a lot from the practical lessons.B.M
44、arie was able to read stories with the help of her son.C.Marie decided to continue her studies in school.D.Marie found her lessons more challenging than her childrens.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.The government wants to show more concern for
45、the health of the people.B.The government needs to import more goods from abroad.C.The Japanese have been working too hard.D.The Japanese hope to change the western prejudice.A.The shorter hours they work, the higher pay they can enjoy.B.The more they work, the less leisure they can enjoy.C.The shor
46、ter hours they work, the less pay they can get.D.The greater pressure they bear, the unhappier they can he.A.Small companies.B.Industrialists.C.Trade unions.D.The younger generation.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.They were controlled less str
47、ictly by the authorities.B.They treated their workers more humanely.C.They completely ignored consumers health.D.They turned out more unhealthy products at will.A.Paid much attention to the results of scientific discoveries.B.Seldom introduced safety laws before disasters occurred.C.Hardly ever look
48、ed into the causes of tragedies.D.Imposed safety rules as soon as accidents took place.A.There are altogether three departments which protect customers and workers.B.A company with poor or dangerous working conditions is likely to be punished.C.Stores dealing in foods and drugs are controlled by the local government.D.The protection of workers health and safety is still not well ensured.A.Industries in the past and at present.B.Changes in the develo
