IEEE 902-1998 en Guide for Maintenance Operation and Safety of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Yellow Book)《工业和商业供电系统的维护、操作和安全用指南》.pdf

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1、 IEEE Std 902-1998IEEE Guide for Maintenance, Operation, and Safety of Industrial and Commercial Power SystemsSponsorPower Systems Engineering Committeeof theIndustrial and Commercial Power Systems Departmentof theIEEE Industry Applications SocietyApproved 30 October 1998IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstr

2、act:Guidelines for the numerous personnel who are responsible for safely operating andmaintaining industrial and commercial electric power facilities are provided. This guide providesplant engineers with a reference source for the fundamentals of safe and reliable maintenanceand operation of industr

3、ial and commercial electric power distribution systems.Keywords: electrical hazards, electrical maintenance, electrical safety program, fire protec-tion, grounding, infrared, inspection, maintenance, operation protective devices, record keep-ing, safety single-line diagram, testingGrateful acknowled

4、gment is made to the following organization for having granted permission to reprintmaterial in this document as listed below:Electro test inc. (eti), 725 Powell Avenue, SW Suite A, Renton, WA 98055-1212, USA for Figures 6-1through 6-5.First PrintingDecember 1998SH94676The Institute of Electrical an

5、d Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 31 December 1998. Printed in the United States of AmericaPrint: ISBN 0-7381-1423-5 SH94676PDF: ISBN 0-7381-1424-3

6、 SS94676No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards CoordinatingCommittees of the IEEE Standards Asso

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16、r Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; (978) 750-8400.Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also beobtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard

17、mayrequire use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard,no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights inconnection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents forwhich a license may be required by an IE

18、EE standard or for conducting inquiries intothe legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.ivIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 902-1998, IEEE Guide for Maintenance, Operation, andSafety of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.)The purpose of

19、this document is to provide guidelines for the numerous personnel who areresponsible for operating industrial and commercial electric power facilities. The Working Group on a Guide for Operation, Maintenance, and Safety of Industrial andCommercial Power Systems was formed in 1981. It was sponsored b

20、y the Industrial andCommercial Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Soci-ety through the Safety, Operations, and Maintenance Subcommittee. The requirements of thethen-new Occupational and Safety Health Act (OSHA, a U.S. law) and the limited informa-tion that was gene

21、rally offered at that time were prime driving forces. The rst task of theWorking Group, a formidable task, was to agree on a scope that would produce a publicationof reasonable size. The nal product provides basic philosophies and approaches to problemswithout going into great detail on any one aspe

22、ct of the subject.The Working Group recognizes the international applicability of this guide. The WorkingGroup also recognizes that this rst edition of the guide refers to some practices that are U.S.oriented. As a practical matter, the consensus was to publish this edition now and to start therst r

23、evision promptly, with international content. The Working Group and the Safety, Opera-tions, and Maintenance Subcommittee have committed to incorporating international infor-mation in the rst revision.Over the years, a great many people have contributed to the development of this guide. Thenames of

24、these contributors, to the extent known, are listed below. Undoubtedly, some nameshave been missed. We extend our apologies to those people for such inadvertent oversight.At the time this guide was approved, the IEEE Yellow Book Working Group had the follow-ing membership:Erling C. Hesla, ChairChapt

25、er 1: OverviewH. Landis Floyd II, ChairChapter 2: Operating diagramsKenneth W. Carrick, ChairChapter 3: System managementKenneth W. Carrick, ChairChapter 4: System control responsibilities and clearing proceduresKenneth W. Carrick, ChairChapter 5: Maintenance strategiesT. John White, ChairChapter 6:

26、 Maintenance testing overviewT. John White, ChairChapter 7: Introduction to electrical safetyJoseph J. Andrews, ChairChapter 8: Establishing an electrical safety programJoseph J. Andrews, ChairChapter 9: Providing and maintaining electrically safe facilitiesJoseph J. Andrews, ChairvChapter 10: Safe

27、electrical work practicesJoseph J. Andrews, ChairChapter 11: Protective equipment, tools, and methodsH. Landis Floyd II, ChairChapter 12: Safe use of electrical equipmentH. Landis Floyd II, ChairThe following persons were on the balloting committee:Jerry S. BaskinJames H. BeallCarl E. BeckerRichard

28、W. BeckerKay BollingerThaddeus E. BrownBarry BrussoRene CastenschioldPaul M. A. ChanCarey J. CookJohn Cooper W. H. CooperTim CotterJohn CsomayJames M. DalyBruce G. DouglasMichael J. FoleyPeter J. GallagherEdgar O. GalyonTom GoavinichDaniel GoldbergTerry C. GouldDana Hanning Jr.Raymond N. HansenCharl

29、es R. HeisingDarin W. HuculHoward H. HuffmanCharles HughesRobert W. InghamR. Gerald IrvineGordon S. JohnsonJames R. JonesRay A. JonesRobert S. JordanW. C. JordanPrem P. KheraDonald O. KovalShank T. LakhavaniC. A. LaplatneySteven A. LarsonRalph E. LeeGeorge E. LewanDaniel J. LoveL. Bruce McClungM. W.

30、 MigliaroJohn MooreRobert E. NaboursEd PalkoGiuseppe PariseElliot RappaportMilton D. RobinsonDonald R. RuthmanH. Kenneth SacksMelvin K. SandersVincent SaporitaLynn F. SaundersRobert SchuergerJoe SimonRobert L. SimpsonRobert L. SmithGary SmullinR. L. SmurifStanley WellsThomas WogenrichDonald W. Zipse

31、Joseph J. AndrewsArthur BallatoJerry S. BaskinGraydon M. BauerJames H. BeallCarl E. BeckerKenneth W. Carrick Rene CastenschioldJames M. DalyH. Landis Floyd IIJerry M. FrankPeter J. GallagherDaniel GoldbergJames R. HarveyErling C. HeslaHoward H. HuffmanCharles HughesRobert W. InghamR. Gerald IrvineRa

32、y A. JonesGrant C. KeoughDonald O. KovalL. Bruce McClungRichard H. McFaddenEd PalkoJames R. PfafinBrian RenerMilton D. RobinsonDonald R. RuthmanMelvin K. SandersVincent SaporitaLynn F. SaundersSukanta SenguptaConrad R. St. PierreT. John WhiteDonald W. ZipseviThe nal conditions for approval of this g

33、uide were met on 30 October 1998. This guide wasconditionally approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board on 16 September 1998, with thefollowing membership:Richard J. Holleman,ChairDonald N. Hierman,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusYvette Ho SangIEEE Standards Project EditorNational Ele

34、ctrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are both registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers, Inc.Satish K. AggarwalClyde R. CampJames T. CarloG

35、ary R. EngmannHarold E. EpsteinJay Forster*Thomas F. GarrityRuben D. GarzonJames H. GurneyJim D. IsaakLowell G. JohnsonRobert KennellyE. G. Al KienerJoseph L. Koepnger*Stephen R. LambertJim LogothetisDonald C. LoughryL. Bruce McClungLouis-Franois PauRonald C. PetersenGerald H. PetersonJohn B. PoseyG

36、ary S. RobinsonHans E. WeinrichDonald W. ZipseviiContentsChapter 1Overview 11.1 Introduction.11.2 How to use this guide 2Chapter 2Operating diagrams 32.1 Introduction.32.2 Single-line diagram (one-line diagram) 42.3 Plan (equipment location plan) . 62.4 References.72.5 Bibliography 7Chapter 3System

37、management 93.1 Introduction.93.2 Load distribution . 103.3 System integrity 113.4 Power factor 123.5 System protection coordination 133.6 Operating economics. 143.7 References. 153.8 Bibliography 15Chapter 4System control responsibilities and clearing procedures. 174.1 Introduction. 174.2 Responsib

38、ility of the owner 174.3 Maintenance role. 184.4 Utility responsibilities . 184.5 Other workers 184.6 Clearing procedures 184.7 References. 19Chapter 5Maintenance strategies. 215.1 Introduction. 215.2 Definitions and acronyms . 215.3 Preventive maintenance 225.4 Fundamentals of electrical equipment

39、maintnance. 265.5 Inspection and test frequency 285.6 Reference 285.7 Bibliography 28viiiChapter 6Maintenance testing overview . 296.1 Introduction. 296.2 Insulation tests. 296.3 Protective device testing . 346.4 Analytical tests 376.5 Grounding tests . 416.6 Functional testing 436.7 Testing procedu

40、res and specifications 446.8 Bibliography 45Chapter 7Introduction to electrical safety . 517.1 General discussion 517.2 Exposure to electrical hazards. 527.3 Case histories 627.4 Reasons for practicing electrical safety. 687.5 Summary . 717.6 References. 727.7 Bibliography 72Chapter 8Establishing an

41、 electrical safety program 758.1 General discussion 758.2 Purpose758.3 Scope. 768.4 Content of program . 768.5 References. 848.6 Bibliography 84Chapter 9Providing and maintaining electrically safe facilities 859.1 General discussion 859.2 Design considerations . 869.3 Installation safety requirement

42、s 909.4 Safety and fire protection inspections. 919.5 Preplan for safe maintenance 919.6 Repairs and replacements parts. 929.7 References. 929.8 Bibliography 93ixChapter 10Safe electrical work practices 9510.1 General discussion 9510.2 Training. 9510.3 Electrical safety controls. 9710.4 Working on o

43、r near de-energized equipment 10210.5 Working on or near equipment that is, or can become, energized 11310.6 References. 11810.7 Bibliography 118Chapter 11Protective equipment, tools, and methods . 11911.1 Introduction. 11911.2 Personal protective equipment 11911.3 Other protective equipment. 12011.

44、4 Protective methods 12111.5 Drawings and other documentation 12211.6 Safety audits 12411.7 Safety morale 12611.8 Bibliography 126Chapter 12Safe use of electrical equipment 12912.1 Introduction. 12912.2 Portable electrical equipment 12912.3 Test instruments and equipment . 12912.4 Facilities infrast

45、ructure (power and light circuits) 13012.5 Bibliography 131Index 133Copyright 1998 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Guide for Maintenance, Operation, and Safety of Industrial and Commercial Power SystemsChapter 1Overview1.1 IntroductionEven with the best design and equipment, the expected safety and

46、reliability performance of apower system is largely dependent on the quality and capability of its operation and mainte-nance. Optimizing maintenance and operation often can be the most cost-effective approachin improving system performance.The phrase industrial and commercial power systems covers a

47、 broad spectrum. At one endof this spectrum is the large, industrial complex that can justify a staff of highly-skilled andknowledgeable maintenance and operation personnel. At the other end of this spectrum is thesmall, simple system in which the owner may have little or no electrical expertise.The

48、 objective of this guide is to provide plant engineers with a reference source for the funda-mentals of safe and reliable maintenance and operation of industrial and commercial electricpower distribution systems. These fundamentals are independent of system size or complex-ity. The most effective ut

49、ilization of the information contained in this guide would be itsinclusion in a long-term maintenance and operation strategy that is tailored to the individualneeds of each power system.The fundamental elements includea) Maintenance, operation, and safety considerations in system design;b) Development of a maintenance and operations strategy to ensure long-term reliability;c) Development of record-keeping and documentation les;d) Development and implementation of testing and inspection methods;e) Development of procedures for auditing maintenance and oper