SAE ARP 4740-2009 Safety Considerations - Smoking in Lavatories of Transport Aircraft《客机洗手间内抽烟的安全考虑》.pdf

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1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there

2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2009 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m

3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U

4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP4740 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP4740 Issued 2009-11 Safety Considerations Smoking i

5、n Lavatories of Transport Aircraft RATIONALE This document was based on an AIR (AIR4740) and was changed to an ARP since it is now intended as a guide to standard engineering practices. 1. SCOPE This ARP addresses the issue of passengers smoking in aircraft lavatories and the need to improve warning

6、s about the danger of fire caused by smoking. 1.1 Mandating and Recommendation Phrases “Shall”: The word “shall” indicates a mandatory criterion. “Should”: The word “should” indicates a criterion for which an alternative, including non-compliance, may be applied if it is documented and justified. 2.

7、 REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of the other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event o

8、f conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publication Available from SAE International, 4

9、00 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. 2.1.1.1 ARP577 Emergency Placarding - Internal and External. 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS)

10、, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/. 2.1.2.1 U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulation, 14CFR 252. 2.1.2.2 FAA AC 25-17. Transport Airplane Cabin Interiors Crashworthiness Handbook Copyright SAE Internat

11、ional Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4740 Page 2 of 4 2.1.3 Other Publications 2.1.3.1 Mohler, S. R. (1990) Personal communication. Dayton, OH: Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Wright Sta

12、te University. 2.1.3.2 Ahijevych, K. Nicotine Metabolism Variability And Nicotine, Addiction. http:/www.drugabuse.gov/MeetSum/Nicotine/Ahijevych.html 2.1.3.3 Burton, S. M. 2004). A survey of smokers and smoking in lavatories aboard commercial aircraft. Lacey, WA: Interaction Research Corporation. 2.

13、1.3.7 State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among AdultsUnited States, 2003 MMWR. 2004;53:1035-1037 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2966 JAMA, December 22/29, 2004 Vol 292, No. 24, American Medical Association. Downloaded March 19 2007. 2.1.3.8 World Health Organization

14、, Regional Office for Europe; Cross country profile, 2002-2005. http:/data.euro.who.int/tobacco/Default.aspx?TabID=2444. Downloaded March 19 2007. 2.1.3.9 Jha, P. et al., (2002). Estimates of Global and Regional Smoking Prevalence in 1995, by Age and Sex . American Journal of Public Health 1002-1006

15、. American Public Health Association. http:/www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/6/1002 Downloaded March 19 2007. 3. BACKGROUND On most flights passengers are not allowed to smoke. However, it is well known that nicotine users often suffer withdrawal symptoms over time. As the deprivation period inc

16、reases so does the subjective need for nicotine intake (2.1.2.1). Heavy smokers, defined here as those who smoke two packs a day, will light up a cigarette every 20 to 30 minutes: 40 cigarettes smoked in 16 hours while awake is equivalent to 2.5 cigarettes per hour, or one every 24 minutes. The phys

17、ical craving to smoke is greater when alcoholic beverages are consumed (2.1.3.3). Since such beverages are commonplace aboard airplanes their consumption by heavy smokers is likely to increase such a craving. Consuming a meal increases nicotine metabolism, possibly explaining the fact that smokers t

18、ypically smoke after meals (2.1.3.2). After onboard meals are served many smokers will experience an increased urge to smoke. Longer flights combined with alcohol and meal consumption can be expected to increase the craving by heavy smokers to have a cigarette. When passengers are not allowed to smo

19、ke in the cabin some have entered lavatories for this purpose. Nine airlines, whose fleets comprised 70 percent of the U.S. industry total, responded to a request from the Air Transport Association with regard to smoking incidents following implementation of the no-smoking rules applicable to flight

20、s of 6 hours or less in duration. Based on their replies ATA estimated that unauthorized smoking in aircraft lavatories occurred about 75 times a month. In addition, minor burns or chars had been found eight times in one year. Further, there was evidence that smoke detectors had been tampered with a

21、t a rate of three times per month (2.1.3.4). In reports to one of their unions (Association of Flight Attendants) flight attendants reported 93 such incidents between 1990 and 2000 (2.1.3.5). Two of those incidents involved fires in trash containers and water was used to extinguish the fires. In nei

22、ther case did the smoke alarm sound. Lavatory smoking is prohibited because of the fire risk associated with cigarette disposal. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4740 Page 3 of

23、4 4. SURVEYS In 1991, 50 smokers were surveyed to determine their attitudes and intentions toward smoking on future flights (2.1.3.6). Average age of the 30 men and 20 women was 28 and included teenagers to those in their 60s. On average, they had taken 4 flights each in the previous two years, and

24、65 percent had flown since the U.S. ban on smoking was established. In 2004, an additional 31 smokers (15 men and 16 women) were surveyed using the same questions as posed in 1991 and several additional questions dealing with fines (2.1.3.6). Their demographics were similar to those surveyed in 1991

25、. They had, on average, taken two flights in the previous two years and nearly all (94%) had flown since the smoking ban had gone into effect. In the surveys 32 and 35 percent of the respondents said they would be tempted to smoke on flights in excess of five hours duration. Some respondents said th

26、ey would be tempted to smoke on shorter flights. In the surveys 76 and 84 percent said that they definitely would not smoke on flights in excess of five hours duration. However, 16 and 24 percent said that they might smoke on future flights (the “Intenders”); some said they definitely would. One per

27、son in each group (2.5% total) admitted having smoked in the lavatories of previous flights. In the surveys 16 and 18 percent said the smoke detectors in the lavatory would not stop them from smoking there. Several methods for avoiding detection were reported including covering of the smoke detector

28、, blowing smoke into holes (e.g., the sink or toilet when being drained), removing the detector from the wall or removing the batteries from the detector. In the surveys 58 and 65 percent of the respondents knew smoking in the lavatory was against the law. The others thought that it was only airline

29、 policy. In the 2004 survey 100 percent knew there was a fine for tampering with the smoke detectors. In the surveys 25 and 33 percent of the Intenders thought the reason for not smoking in the lavatory was a danger of fire. Thus, 67 and 75 percent of the Intenders perceived no associated fire dange

30、r. When informed of the danger about 40 percent of this group said they would refrain from smoking in lavatories. The other 60 percent said they would practice care by, for example, using the water in the sink to extinguish their cigarettes. In summary, passengers are warned of a fine for tampering

31、with smoke detectors and 100 percent are aware of the fine. But they are not warned of the danger of fire and they are unaware of it. 5. ESTIMATED INCIDENCE OF LAVATORY SMOKING About 22 percent of the U.S. adult population smokes and the rate is declining about 1 percent a year (2.1.3.7). But while

32、smoking rates are lower in some countries they are higher in others. In 39 European countries during the 2002-2005 period the average smoking rate for adults, per country, was 26.5 percent, with a range from 12.5 percent (Uzbekistan) to 47 percent (Austria) (Ref. 2.1.3.8). A global smoking prevalenc

33、e survey conducted in 1995 found that 29 percent of persons aged 15 years or older wereregular smokers in 1995. (2.1.3.9) If we assume 25 percent of passengers smoke, and if 32 percent of smokers are tempted to smoke on long flights and if half of them intend to smoke in the lavatory (as 2.1.3.6 ind

34、icates), then an estimated 4 percent of passengers may actually smoke on flights of 5 hours or more. On shorter flights fewer passengers could be expected to smoke in the lavatory. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted

35、 without license from IHS-,-,-SAE ARP4740 Page 4 of 4 6. WARNINGS Since some people will smoke in the lavatory they should be warned of the hazard of doing so. An effective warning is one that alerts a person to the existence of a hazard and, if not obvious, the appropriate actions to take to avoid

36、that hazard (2.1.1.1). Passengers on U.S. aircraft are instructed not to smoke in any airplane lavatory, or to tamper with, disable or destroy any smoke detector installed in any airplane lavatory. Further, signs in the lavatory state that there is a fine for tampering with the smoke detector instal

37、led in this lavatory (2.1.2.2). Passengers are not given a reason why they should not smoke or tamper with the smoke detector. And one third of those surveyed did not realize there was a fire hazard associated with smoking in the lavatory. The current warnings do not alert passengers to the existenc

38、e of a fire hazard in the lavatory. 7. RECOMMENDATION Passengers shall be warned of the hazard of fire associated with smoking in the lavatory. They shall also be instructed not to tamper with the smoke detector. The warning of the fire hazard potential and instructions not to tamper with the smoke

39、detector shall be provided both in the oral briefing prior to departure and in a placard located in each lavatory. An exemplar placard is provided in Figure 1. The format of the warning should conform to 2.1.1.1 and the no smoking symbol should conform to 2.1.2.2. This warning alerts passengers to t

40、he danger of smoking and reduces the chance of lavatory fires. Providing verbiage in other languages should be considered. The operator may customize language about a fine for tampering with the smoke detector. FIGURE 1 A SUGGESTED WARNING 8. NOTE A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for t

41、he convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. PREPARED BY SAE S-9 COMMITTEE CABIN SAFETY PROVISIONS Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-