ITU-T SERIES G SUPP 55-2015 Radio-over-fibre (RoF) technologies and their applications (Study Group 15)《光纤无线电技术及其应用(研究组15)》.pdf

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1、 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU-T Series G TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU Supplement 55 (07/2015) SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS Radio-over-fibre (RoF) technologies and their applications ITU-T G-seri

2、es Recommendations Supplement 55 ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100G.199 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS G.200G.299 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS O

3、F INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES G.300G.399 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH METALLIC LINES G.400G.449 COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450G.499 TRANSMISSION MED

4、IA AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS G.600G.699 DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700G.799 DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800G.899 DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900G.999 MULTIMEDIA QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE GENERIC AND USER-RELATED ASPECTS G.1000G.1999 TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.60

5、00G.6999 DATA OVER TRANSPORT GENERIC ASPECTS G.7000G.7999 PACKET OVER TRANSPORT ASPECTS G.8000G.8999 ACCESS NETWORKS G.9000G.9999 For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations. G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) i Supplement 55 to ITU-T G-series Recommendations Radio-over-fibr

6、e (RoF) technologies and their applications Summary Supplement 55 to ITU-T G-series Recommendations provides general information on radio-over-fibre (RoF) technologies and their applications in optical access networks. History Edition Recommendation Approval Study Group Unique ID* 1.0 ITU-T G Suppl.

7、 55 2015-07-03 15 11.1002/1000/12575 _ * To access the Recommendation, type the URL http:/handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web browser, followed by the Recommendations unique ID. For example, http:/handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11830-en. ii G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) FOREWORD The Int

8、ernational Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,

9、operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in tur

10、n, produce Recommendations on these topics. The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1. In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-Ts purview, the necessary standards are prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC. NOTE

11、 In this publication, the expression “Administration“ is used for conciseness to indicate both a telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency. Compliance with this publication is voluntary. However, the publication may contain certain mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., inte

12、roperability or applicability) and compliance with the publication is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words “shall“ or some other obligatory language such as “must“ and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of such words does not suggest that

13、 compliance with the publication is required of any party. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this publication may involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity

14、or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of the publication development process. As of the date of approval of this publication, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property, protected by patents, which may be required to imp

15、lement this publication. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB patent database at http:/www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/. ITU 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any mea

16、ns whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) iii Table of Contents Page 1 Scope . 1 2 References . 1 3 Definitions 1 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere 1 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplement 2 4 Abbreviations and acronyms 2 5 General concept 4 6 System archit

17、ectures . 6 6.1 Analogue RoF system . 6 6.2 Digital RoF system . 9 6.3 Relay transmission (repeater) . 11 7 Fundamental technologies 14 7.1 Electrical-to-optical conversion 14 7.2 Optical-to-electrical conversion . 16 7.3 High-spectral-efficient transmission 18 8 Network models 26 8.1 Reference poin

18、ts . 27 8.2 Service 29 8.3 Optical distribution network . 29 8.4 Possible RoF over ODN configurations and characteristics 29 8.5 Possible RoF over ODN survivability and characteristics . 31 9 System design for supporting a radio access system over an optical access network 32 9.1 Measurement test mo

19、del for mobile front-hauling over an optical distribution network 32 9.2 Example of system performance evaluation . 33 Bibliography. 50 G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) 1 Supplement 55 to ITU-T G-series Recommendations Radio-over-fibre (RoF) technologies and their applications 1 Scope The purpose of

20、 this Supplement is to introduce the general radio-over-fibre (RoF) technology types and their applications in optical access networks. In general, RoF technologies can be classified into two categories, which are analogue RoF and digital RoF. It is noted that the RoF concept shown in this Supplemen

21、t can be commonly used for both analogue RoF and digital RoF. The description of RoF network models is also considered for analogue RoF and digital RoF. 2 References ITU-T G.982 Recommendation ITU-T G.982 (1996), Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent b

22、it rates. ITU-T G.989.1 Recommendation ITU-T G.989.1 (2013), 40-Gigabit-capable passive optical networks (NG-PON2): General requirements. ITU-R M.1035 Recommendation ITU-R M.1035 (1994), Framework for the radio interface(s) and radio sub-systems functionality for international mobile telecommunicati

23、ons-2000 (IMT-2000). ITU-R M.1224-1 Recommendation ITU-R M.1224-1 (2012), Vocabulary of terms for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT). 3 Definitions 3.1 Terms defined elsewhere This Supplement uses the following term defined elsewhere: 3.1.1 diplex working ITU-T G.982: Bidirectional commun

24、ication using a different wavelength for each direction of transmission over a single fibre. 3.1.2 micro cell ITU-R M.1224-1: Outdoor cell with a large cell radius, typically several 10s of kilometres (radius of 35 km). NOTE Further details are given in ITU-R M.1035. 3.1.3 macro cell ITU-R M.1224-1:

25、 Cell with low antenna sites, predominantly in urban areas, with a typical cell radius of up to 1 km. NOTE Further details are given in ITU-R M.1035. 3.1.4 small cell b-SCF030.03.03: An umbrella term for low-powered radio access nodes that operate in licensed spectrum and unlicensed carrier-grade Wi

26、-Fi, with a range of 10 m up to several hundred meters. These contrast with a typical mobile macrocell that might have a range of up to several tens of kilometers. The term covers femtocells, picocells, microcells and metrocells. NOTE A unanimous definition of a small cell deployment is hard to agre

27、e within the industry. As an example, according to b-3GPP TS 25.104, cell types are classified based on the “minimum coupling loss“ between cell site and user device, thus originating four classes of cells. Other available definitions consider the radius of the cell, the number of connected users, t

28、he deployment options and so on. See b-NGMN small cell. 3.1.5 pico cell ITU-R M.1224-1: Small cell with a typical cell radius of less than 50 m that is predominantly situated indoors. NOTE Further details are given in ITU-R M.1035. 2 G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) 3.2 Terms defined in this Supplem

29、ent This Supplement defines the following term: 3.2.1 radio over fibre (RoF): Fibre-optic transmission of waveform for radiocommunication services. 4 Abbreviations and acronyms This Supplement uses the following abbreviations and acronyms: AC Asymmetric Clipping ACC Automatic Current Control A/D Ana

30、log to Digital ADC A/D Converter APD Avalanche PhotoDdode ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generator BB Baseband Block BB M/dMP Baseband Modulation and demodulation Processor BBU Baseband Unit BEP/FEP Back-End Processor and Front-End Processor BER Bit Error Ratio BPF Bandpas

31、s Filter BS Base Station BtB Back-to-Back CA Carrier Aggregation CDMA Code Division Multiple Access C-RAN Centralized Radio Access Network CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing D/A Digital to Analog DAC D/A Converter DC Direct Current DCO Down-Converter-Offset OFDM DEMUX Demultiplexer DFB-LD

32、Distributed Feedback Laser Diode DML Directly Modulated Laser DMT Discrete Multi-Tone D-RoF Digitized Radio over Fibre DSP Digital Signal Processing DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing E-BTB Electrical Back-To-Back EDFA Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier E/O Electrical to Optical E-UTRA Evolved Un

33、iversal Terrestrial Radio Access G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) 3 EVM Error Vector Magnitude FA Frequency Assignment FCP Frequency Conversion Processor FDC Frequency-Down-Converter FUC Frequency-Up-Converter FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing GSM Global System for Mobile communications IF Interme

34、diate Frequency IM/DD Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection I/Q In-phase and Quadrature-phase iRoF-BB Radio over Fibre Baseband interface iRoF-IF Radio over Fibre Intermediate Frequency band interface iRoF-RF Radio over Fibre Radio Frequency band interface LD Laser Diode LNA Low Noise Amplifier

35、 LTE Long Term Evolution LTE-A Long Term Evolution Advanced M/dMP Modulation and demodulation Processor MFH Mobile Front-Haul MIMO Multi-Input Multi-Output M-QAM Mary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation MUX Multiplexer MWP Microwave Photonics OAN Optical Access Network OBPF Optical Bandpass Filter ODN O

36、ptical Distribution Network O/E Optical to Electrical OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OLT Optical Line Terminal OMI Optical Modulation Index ONU Optical Network Unit OOK On-Off Keying PA Post-Amplifier; RF-band Power Amplifier PD Photodetector PON Passive Optical Network QAM Quadratu

37、re Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QSC Quadratic Soft Clipping RAN Radio Access Network RF Radio Frequency RoF Radio over Fibre 4 G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) RRH Remote Radio Head RRU Remote Radio Unit R/S Reference point at the interface of the ONU and the ODN Rx Receiv

38、er SA Signal Analyser SC Soft Clipping SCM Subcarrier Multiplexing SG Signal Generator SMF Single-Mode Fibre SNI Service Network Interface SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio S/R Reference point at the interface of the OLT and the ODN SSMF Standard Single-Mode Fibre TDM Time Division Multiplexing Tx Transmitt

39、er TWDM Time Wavelength Division Multiplexing UNI User Network Interface VEA Variable Electrical Attenuator VOA Variable Optical Attenuator VSA Vector Signal Analyser VSG Vector Signal Generator W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelit

40、y WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WM Wavelength Multiplexer 5 General concept The current deployment of radiocommunication services shows a tendency towards higher bit rates with higher radio carrier frequencies, compared to those in the legacy radiocommunication services, in o

41、rder to satisfy customer demands for broadband access. To realize such radiocommunication services, a cell size covered by one radio access point must be smaller from the physical viewpoint, leading to drastic increases in the number of antennas serving as radio access points. In addition, there exi

42、st many areas inaccessible to radio waves (“radio shadow“ areas), such as underground spaces (subterranean structures), tunnels, areas behind buildings, upper stories of skyscrapers, dips below ground level in metropolitan areas and within mountainous regions. To support small cell radio communicati

43、ons and radio shadow countermeasures, many RoF technologies have been actively studied and deployed in the research and development of microwave photonics (MWP). The current implementations of RoF technologies are described in b-APT/ASTAP/REPT-03 and b-APT/ASTAP/REPT-11. Figure 5-1 shows the basic c

44、oncept of an RoF system. In this Supplement, RoF is defined as the fibre-optic transmission of a waveform for radiocommunication services without any intentional essential change to that waveform during fibre-optic transmission. The waveform includes the essential physical information for radiocommu

45、nication services, such as the format of the radio wave and G series Supplement 55 (07/2015) 5 payload. Note that the carrier frequency of the radio signal will not affect processing at the baseband, and is thus considered nonessential here. Therefore, the RoF signal should be regarded as an analogu

46、e signal carrying the same radio signal when viewed from the optical domain, although the radio-frequency (RF) carrier frequency of the RoF signal may be different from that of the original radio signal. As shown in Figure 5-1, the RoF system consists of components for electrical-to-optical (E/O) an

47、d optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversions and of an optical fibre for transmission. RoF has two major features as follows. Preservation of the waveform: the waveform of the radio signal is essentially preserved during the fibre-optic transmission under ideal or close-to-ideal conditions. Tolerance t

48、o electromagnetic interference: RoF signals in the fibre are not affected by frequency interference from the proximate radiocommunication signals. From the technical point of view, a distribution technology for legacy RF video is considered to be a type of RoF technology, but one which possesses onl

49、y a downlink function. Since the RoF system should be generally treated as an analogue transmission system, the overall signal-to-noise power ratio and the overall dynamic range should be increased to maximize the potential of the two RoF features listed above by properly managing the noise figure and nonlinearity of the system. An alternative method of transmission is digital fibre-optic transmission. Digitized radio over fibre (D-RoF) is a kind of digital RoF as explained in cla