DIN EN 15433-3-2008 Transportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads - Part 3 Data validity check and data editing for evaluation English version of DI.pdf

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1、February 2008DEUTSCHE NORM English price group 14No part of this standard may be reproduced without prior permission ofDIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).ICS 55.180.01!$L=?“141262

2、8www.din.deDDIN EN 15433-3Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluationEnglish version of DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02Transportbelastungen Messen und Auswerten von mechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen Teil 3: Datenglti

3、gkeitsberprfung und Datenaufbereitung fr die AuswertungEnglische Fassung DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02SupersedesDIN 30787-3:2001-10www.beuth.deDocument comprises 35 pagesDIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 2 National foreword This document was originally prepared by the Normenausschuss Verpackungswesen (Packaging Stand

4、ards Committee), Technical Committee NA 115-01-04 AA Anforderungen und Prfung, and published in October 2001 as DIN 30787-3. Following Germanys request to CEN for a European standard on “Transportation loads Measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical loads”, DIN 30787-3 was adopted by Technica

5、l Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging” (Secretariat: AFNOR, France), editorially revised and then published as EN 15433-3. The responsible European and German bodies during this process were CEN/TC 261/SC 5/WG 14 “Test methods and test schedules” and NA 115-01-04 AA Anforderungen und Prfung. Amendments

6、This standard differs from DIN 30787-3:2001-10 as follows: a) The European standard (EN) has been adopted as a DIN EN standard. b) Normative references have been deleted. c) The standard has been editorially revised. Previous editions DIN 30787-3: 2001-10 EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE N

7、ORMEN 15433-3December 2007ICS 55.180.01English VersionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 3: Data validity check and data editingfor evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesdes donnes et dition des donnes pour valuationTransport

8、belastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 3:Datengltigkeitsberprfung und Datenaufbereitung fr dieAuswertungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the

9、 conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in t

10、hree official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of A

11、ustria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMM

12、ITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-3:2007: Emcaniques dynamiques - Pa

13、rtie 3: Contrle de validitEN 15433-3:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword. 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references . 6 3 Identification of physical events . 6 3.1 General. 6 3.2 Identification of periodic signal components 7 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals . 7 4 Visual inspection o

14、f analogue time histories. 10 4.1 Signal clipping. 10 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 11 4.3 Intermittent noise 13 4.4 Power line pickup 14 4.5 Spurious trends. 15 4.6 Signal dropouts. 17 5 Visual inspection of digital time histories 18 5.1 General. 18 5.2 Signal clipping. 18 5.3 Excessive digit

15、al noise. 19 5.4 Wild points. 19 5.5 Spurious trends. 20 6 Visual inspection of analysed data . 20 6.1 General. 20 6.2 Probability density plots 20 6.2.1 General. 20 6.2.2 Signal clipping. 21 6.2.3 Intermittent noise 21 6.2.4 Wild points. 22 6.2.5 Power line pickup 22 6.2.6 Signal dropouts. 23 6.3 N

16、arrow band spectral analysis 24 6.3.1 General. 24 6.3.2 Excessive instrumentation noise 25 6.3.3 Power line pickup 25 7 Corrective editing of time histories. 26 7.1 General. 26 7.2 Corrections of excessive instrumentation noise. 27 7.3 Removal of intermittent noise spikes and wild points 27 7.4 Remo

17、val of spurious trends 28 7.5 Removal of temporary signal dropouts28 8 Identification of periodic components 30 8.1 General. 30 8.2 Narrow-band spectral analysis 30 8.3 Band-limited probability density analysis 31 9 Identification of stationary and non-stationary trends . 31 Bibliography . 33 DIN EN

18、 15433-3:2008-02 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15433-3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical t

19、ext or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying

20、 any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hu

21、ngary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 -3 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 4 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working g

22、roup NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN). It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the real

23、isation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in or

24、der to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads

25、, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally. Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data and insufficient description of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable measuremen

26、t and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts: Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equ

27、ipment Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation Part 4: Data evaluation Part 5: Derivation of test specifications Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This s

28、tandard defines procedures for assessing the validity of results acquired in accordance with EN 15433-2, and for evaluating these results. NOTE When measuring and analysing dynamic processes, quite often unnoticed or difficult to recognize disturbances or erroneous measurements occur, which impair t

29、he application of these values. These procedures are necessary in order to detect possible errors before any actual analysis occurs. Figure 1 provides an overview of the data validation and editing processes in this standard. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 -3EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 6 Figure 1 Outline of data va

30、lidation and editing procedures 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Identification of physical events 3.1 General A measured time signal shall be associated with the physical events that happen during a measurement. If the data are produced by a printer or plotter or with an analogue recorder,

31、then the frequency response of these devices shall be equal to or greater than the frequency range of interest in the data. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 7 NOTE The first step in data validation and editing is identifying each signal at all relevant physical events associated with the m

32、easurement. Identification should preferably be achieved by inspecting the analogue or digital signals visually, either on paper copies or on the monitor. It is assumed that the measured signal is of a periodic, random or transient nature see Figure 2 a) and b). In practice, these signals are most c

33、ommonly of a combined nature see Figure 2c). a) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 2 Periodic (a), random (b), and mixed signals (c) 3.2 Identification of periodic signal components Periodic components in measured signals shall be identified, e.g. by visual inspecti

34、on of paper recordings, in order to treat them correctly during the analysis. 3.3 Identification of time-varying signals Transient or non-stationary physical events shall be identified by measured time signals (see Figure 3), in order to separate them at a later time, and to perform a separate analy

35、sis. NOTE 1 Transient signals are broadly defined as those that have a definite beginning and end see Figure 3a). DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 -3EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 8 a) YXb) YXKey X-axis Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 3 Transient (a) and non-stationary random signal (b) NOTE 2 Non-stationa

36、ry occurrences are due to long-lasting events with continuous varying characteristics. Figure 4 shows the main transients and superimposed occurrences during a road transport. The identification of transients and non-stationary events is not only needed to assist the data validation, but is essentia

37、l also for the selection of appropriate analysis procedures. Based upon physical considerations, situations may arise where a measured time history reveals an apparent non-stationary trend, which is not anticipated. This trend can be wrong. On the other hand, it might be indicative of an unexpected

38、time-varying property of the measured phenomenon, in which case the presence of a trend could have important physical implications. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 9 YX0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0 20,0 22,0 24,0 26,0-15,0-10,0-5,00,05,010,015,01234Key 1 Deceleration 2 Bran

39、ching off; changing road surface condition 3 Acceleration 4 Pothole Figure 4 Identification of physical events in a measured signal DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 -3EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 10 4 Visual inspection of analogue time histories 4.1 Signal clipping Measured time signals of a periodic, random or transi

40、ent nature shall be checked for signal clipping (see Figure 5). If signal clipping is detected during data acquisition, then the recorded data are useless. No attempt shall be made to introduce non-linear corrections to signals that have been clipped. NOTE 1 One of the most common errors in data acq

41、uisition is too high a setting of the sensitivity of any one of the data acquisition instruments. The result is signal limitation or signal clipping. An insufficient (high) sensitivity setting can also result in signal limitation, because the signal disappears within the noise. Such problems are eas

42、ily corrected, but the corrections shall be performed immediately after the first measurements, and checks shall be repeated. Contrary to the two-sided clipping shown in Figure 5, a clipping can appear one-sided as well. Low-pass filtering of clipped signals obscures the results shown in Figure 5. A

43、fter a filtering operation, it is difficult to detect a limited signal. Signal saturation in certain instruments of the measuring chain may also produce more complicated results than the ideal amplitude limiting shown in Figure 5, and shall therefore not be used. Specifically, there may be a zero sh

44、ift in the signal level followed by a slow recovery, which appears as a time-varying trend in the mean value of the signal. The probability density analysis of a signal (in particular, a stationary random signal), provides a powerful tool to detect clipping. As Figure 5c) shows, the detection of sig

45、nal clipping by visual inspection is most difficult for a transient signal, particularly if it is a single pulse transient. To assist the detection of possible clipping in transient signals, it is recommended that the peak output voltage of each instrument within the measuring chain be determined an

46、d compared to the peak voltage represented by the measured transient. If the peak voltage of the signal is equal to or greater than 95 % of the peak voltage of the instrumentation, this suggests that clipping might have occurred. DIN EN 15433-3:2008-02 EN 15433-3:2007 (E) 11 a) YXb) YXc) YXKey X-axi

47、s Time t Y-axis Instantaneous value x(t) Figure 5 Clipped periodic (a), random (b), and transient signals (c) In the case of random signals, it is recommended that a measurement be rejected if the clipping occurs within 1,5 standard deviations of the mean value of the clipped signal. If a measuremen

48、t cannot be repeated, then extrapolation of singular events, e.g. drop test of a container may be performed, should the physical causes leading to the exceeding of the measuring range and the boundary conditions be known, thereby permitting a reconstruction of the event. NOTE 2 For periodic and tran

49、sient signals, clipping may dramatically reduce the indicated peak amplitude of the signal. Clipping also erroneously increases the high frequency content of the signal. 4.2 Excessive instrumentation noise Excessive noise introduced by external loads shall be detected and corrected during the system calibration. To detect excessive instrumentation noise, the output signal from the data acquisition system shall be measured prior to and after the dynamic activity of interest. Acquiring the output signal shall be performed using the