BS EN ISO 14852-1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide《水介质中塑料材料的富氧菌生物降.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 14852:2004 Incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS ISO 14852:1999 (renumbers the BS ISO as BS EN ISO 14852:2004) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide The European Standard

2、EN ISO 14852:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 83.080.01 BS EN ISO 14852:2004 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Materials and Chemicals, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 Augu

3、st 1999 BSI 6 September 2004 ISBN 0 580 32876 7 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 14852:2004 and implements it as the UK national standard. It is identical with ISO 14852:1999. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical

4、 Committee PRI/21, Testing of plastics, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international a

5、nd European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BS

6、I Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for

7、its ocrrect application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 16, an

8、 inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 15253 6 September 2004 Implementation of the European StandardEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE

9、NORM EN ISO 14852 July 2004 ICS 83.080.01 English version Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Evaluation de la biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques en milieu aqueux Mthode par an

10、alyse du dioxyde de carbone libr (ISO 14852:1999) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 June 2004. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alter

11、ation. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by transl

12、ation under the responsiblity of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hun

13、gary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat:

14、 rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14852:2004 EEN ISO 14852:2004 BSI 6 September 2004 Foreword The text of ISO 14852:1999 has been prepared by Technical committee ISO/TC 61

15、, Plastics, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 14852:2004 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 249, Plastics, the Secretariat of which is held by IBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of

16、 an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this Eur

17、opean Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom Endorseme

18、nt notice The text of ISO 14852:1999 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14852:2004 without any modifications. NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative) EN ISO 14852:2004EN ISO 14852:2004 ii Contents Page Foreword iii Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Normative

19、references 1 3 Definitions 2 4 Principle 3 5 Test environment 3 6 Reagents 3 7 Apparatus 5 8 Procedure 5 9 Calculation and expression of results 8 10 Validity of results 9 11 Test report 9 Annex A (informative) Principle of a system for measuring evolved carbon dioxide (example) 11 Annex B (informat

20、ive) Examples of methods for the determination of evolved carbon dioxide 12 Annex C (informative) Example of the determination of a carbon balance 13 Annex D (informative) Example of a determination of the amount of water-insoluble polymer remaining at the end of a biodegradation test and the molecu

21、lar mass of the polymer 15 Annex E (informative) Bibliography 15 Figure A.1 11 Table 1 Final distribution of test and reference materials 7EN ISO 14852:2004 BSI 6 September 2004 iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodi

22、es (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations

23、, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated

24、 to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 14852 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties. Annex A to Ann

25、ex E of this International Standard are for information only.iv blankEN ISO 14852:2004 BSI 6 September 2004 1 Introduction With the increasing use of plastics, their recovery and disposal have become a major issue. As a first priority, recovery should be promoted. Complete recovery of plastics, howe

26、ver, is difficult. For example, plastic litter, which comes mainly from consumers, is difficult to recover completely. Additional examples of plastics which are difficult to recover are fishing tackle, agricultural mulches and water-soluble polymers. These plastic materials tend to leak from closed

27、waste-management cycles into the environment. Biodegradable plastics are now emerging as one of the options available to solve such environmental problems. Plastic materials, such as products or packaging, which are sent to composting facilities should be potentially biodegradable. Therefore it is v

28、ery important to determine the potential biodegradability of such materials and to obtain an indication of their biodegradability in natural environments. WARNING Sewage, activated sludge, soil and compost may contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore appropriate precautions should be take

29、n when handling them. Toxic test compounds and those whose properties are unknown should be handled with care. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method, by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, for the determination of the degree of aerobic biodegradability of plastic materia

30、ls, including those containing formulation additives. The test material is exposed in a synthetic medium under laboratory conditions to an inoculum from activated sludge, compost or soil. If an unadapted activated sludge is used as the inoculum, the test simulates the biodegradation processes which

31、occur in a natural aqueous environment; if a mixed or pre-exposed inoculum is used, the method can be used to investigate the potential biodegradability of a test material. The conditions used in this International Standard do not necessarily correspond to the optimum conditions allowing maximum bio

32、degradation to occur, but the standard is designed to determine the potential biodegradability of plastic materials or give an indication of their biodegradability in natural environments. The method enables the assessment of the biodegradability to be improved by calculating a carbon balance (optio

33、nal, see Annex C C). The method applies to the following materials: Natural and/or synthetic polymers, copolymers or mixtures thereof. Plastic materials which contain additives such as plasticizers, colorants or other compounds. Water-soluble polymers. Materials which, under the test conditions, do

34、not inhibit the microorganisms present in the inoculum. Inhibitory effects can be determined using an inhibition control or by another appropriate method (see e.g. ISO 81922). If the test material is inhibitory to the inoculum, a lower test concentration, an- other inoculum or a pre-exposed inoculum

35、 can be used. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements

36、 based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 8245:1999, Water quality Guidelines for the determinati

37、on of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). ISO 9439: 1) , Water quality Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium Carbon dioxide evolution test. ISO 10634:1995, Water quality Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly w

38、ater-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium. ISO/TR 15462:1997, Water quality Selection of tests for biodegradability. 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 9439:1990)EN ISO 14852:2004 2 BSI 6 September 2004 3 Definitions For the purpose

39、s of this International Standard, the following definitions apply: 3.1 ultimate aerobic biodegradation the breakdown of an organic compound by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other elements present (mineralization) plus new biomass 3.2 act

40、ivated sludge biomass produced in the aerobic treatment of waste water by the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen 3.3 concentration of suspended solids in an activated sludge the amount of solids obtained by filtration or centrifugation of a known volume o

41、f activated sludge and drying at about 105 C to constant mass 3.4 dissolved inorganic carbon DIC that part of the inorganic carbon in water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation, for example by centrifugation at 40 000 m s p2for 15 min or by membrane filtration using membranes with p

42、ores of 0,2 4m to 0,45 4m diameter 3.5 theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxide ThCO 2 the maximum theoretical amount of carbon dioxide evolved after completely oxidizing a chemical compound, calculated from the molecular formula and expressed as milligrams of carbon dioxide evolved per milligra

43、m or gram of test compound 3.6 total organic carbon TOC all the carbon present in organic matter which is dissolved or suspended in water 3.7 dissolved organic carbon DOC that part of the organic carbon in water which cannot be removed by specified phase separation, for example by centrifugation at

44、40 000 m s p2for 15 min or by membrane filtration using membranes with pores of 0,2 4m to 0,45 4m diameter 3.8 lag phase the time, measured in days, from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degrading microorganisms is achieved and the degree of biodegradation of a chemical c

45、ompound or organic matter has increased to about 10 % of the maximum level of biodegradation 3.9 maximum level of biodegradation the degree of biodegradation, measured in per cent, of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test, above which no further biodegradation takes place during the test 3

46、.10 biodegradation phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until about 90 % of the maximum level of biodegradation has been reachedEN ISO 14852:2004 BSI 6 September 2004 3 3.11 plateau phase the time, measured in days, from the end of the biodegradation phase until

47、the end of a test 3.12 pre-exposure the pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, with the aim of enhancing the ability of the inoculum to biodegrade the test material by adaptation and/or selection of the microorganisms 3.13 pre-conditionin

48、g the pre-incubation of an inoculum under the conditions of the subsequent test in the absence of the chemical compound or organic matter under test, with the aim of improving the test by acclimatization of the microorganisms to the test conditions 4 Principle The biodegradability of a plastic material is determined using aer