AWWA M12-2014 Simplified Procedures for Water Examination (Sixth Edition).pdf

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1、Ideal crop marks Sixth Edition Manual of Water Supply Practices M12 Simplified Procedures for Water Examination Sixth Edition M12 Cover_Simplified Proc for Water_FINAL.indd 1 4/23/2014 11:13:31 AMManual of Water Supply Practices Ideal crop marks Sixth Edition Simplified Procedures for Water Examinat

2、ions M12 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the s

3、ales of this AWWA material supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Manual of Water Supply PracticesM12, Sixth Edition Simpl

4、ified Procedures for Water Examination Copyright 1975, 1977, 1978, 1997, 2002, 2014 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa

5、tion or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the document or any consequences of its use

6、. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In

7、 no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager/Senior Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Senior Manuals Specialist: Molly Beach Senior Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong Production: TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc. If you find errors in this ma

8、nual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www.awwa.org/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geddes, Linda (Water quality assurance officer)Simplified procedures for water examination / Linda Ged

9、des, Kimberly Kunihiro, Elizabeth Turner. - Sixth edition.pages cm. - (AWWA manual ; M12)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-997-31. Drinking water-Analysis-Laboratory manuals. 2. Water quality-Measurement-Laboratory manuals. I. Kunihiro, Kimberly. II. Turner, Elizabeth (M

10、icrobiologist) III. American Water Works Associa- tion. IV. Title. TD380.G43 2014628.161-dc232014005716 ISBN-13 978-1-58321-997-3 eISBN-13 978-1-61600-270-4 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iii Contents Ideal crop marks AWWA Manual M12 Figures, ix Tables, xi Forew

11、ord, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Chapter 1 Water Quality Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction, 1 Laboratory Procedures, 1 Sampling Techniques, 2 Using the Metric System, 5 Working with Chemicals, 6 Safety Procedures, 7 Equipment, 14 R

12、ecord Keeping, 35 Quality Assurance and Quality Control, 37 Chapter 2 Alkalinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Purpose of Test, 49 List of Simplified Methods, 49 Sample Collection/Preservation, 49 Simplified Procedure, 50

13、 Waste Handling, 52 Chapter 3 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Purpose of Test, 53 List of Simplified Methods, 53 Sample Collection/Preservation, 54 Simplified Procedure, 54 Waste Handling, 55 Chapter 4 Ammonia Nitr

14、ogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Purpose of Test, 57 List of Simplified Methods, 58 Sample Collection/Preservation, 58 Simplified Procedures, 58 Waste Handling, 60 Chapter 5 Calcium Carbonate Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Purpose of Test, 61 List of Simplified Methods, 61 Sample Collection/Preservation, 61 Simplified Procedure, 62 Waste Handling, 63 Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide (Free) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Purpose of T

16、est, 65 List of Simplified Methods, 65 Sample Collection/Preservation, 66 Simplified Procedure, 67 Waste Handling, 70 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.iv SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES FOR WATER EXAMINATION AWWA Manual M12 Chapter 7 Chlorine Demand . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Purpose of Test, 71 List of Simplified Methods, 71 Sample Collection/Preservation, 71 Simplified Procedure, 72 Waste Handling, 74 Chapter 8 Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . 75 Purpose of Test, 75 List of Simplified Methods, 75 Sample Collection/Preservation, 76 Simplified Procedures, 76 Waste Handling, 81 Chapter 9 Chlorine Residual (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Purpose of Test, 83 List of S

19、implified Methods, 84 Sample Collection/Preservation, 84 Simplified Procedures, 84 Waste Handling, 94 Chapter 10 Chlorophyll-a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Purpose of Test, 95 List of Simplified Methods, 96 Sample Collection/P

20、reservation, 96 Simplified Procedure, 96 Waste Handling, 103 Chapter 11 Coliform Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Purpose of Test, 105 List of Simplified Methods, 105 Sample Collection/Preservation, 106 Simplified Procedures, 107 Tot

21、al Coliform, 109 Colisure Method, 113 Fecal Coliform/Confirmation Techniques, 115 Waste Handling, 115 Chapter 12 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Purpose of Test, 117 List of Simplified Methods, 117 Sample Col

22、lection/Preservation, 118 Simplified Procedures, 118 Waste Handling, 121 Chapter 13 Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Purpose of Test, 123 List of Simplified Methods, 124 Sample Collection/Preservation, 124 Simplified

23、 Procedure, 124 Waste Handling, 126 Chapter 14 Dissolved Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Purpose of Test, 127 List of Simplified Methods, 127 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.v CONTENTS AWWA Manu

24、al M12 Sample Collection/Preservation, 127 Simplified Procedures, 128 Waste Handling, 131 Chapter 15 Field and Online Monitoring Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Purpose of Quality Control, 133 List of Simplified Methods, 133 Sample Collection/Preservation, 134 Simplified

25、Quality Control Plan, 134 Waste Handling, 135 Chapter 16 Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Purpose of Test, 137 List of Simplified Methods, 137 Sample Collection/Preservation, 137 Simplified Procedure, 138 Waste H

26、andling, 145 Chapter 17 Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Purpose of Test, 147 List of Simplified Methods, 147 Sample Collection/Preservation, 147 Simplified Procedures, 147 Waste Handling, 153 Chapter 18 Heterotrop

27、hic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Purpose of Test, 155 List of Simplified Methods, 156 Sample Collection/Preservation, 156 Simplified Procedures, 157 Waste Handling, 165 Chapter 19 Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Purpose of Test, 167 List of Simplified Methods, 167 Sample Collection/Preservation, 168 Simplified Procedure, 168 Waste Handling, 170 Chapter 20 Jar Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Purpose of Test, 171 List of Simplified Methods, 172 Simplified Procedures, 172 Waste Handling, 177 Chapter 21 Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Purpose of Test, 179 List of Simpl

30、ified Methods, 179 Sample Collection/Preservation, 180 Simplified Procedures, 180 Waste Handling, 182 Chapter 22 Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Purpose of Test, 183 List of Simplified Methods, 183 Sample Colle

31、ction/Preservation, 183 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vi SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES FOR WATER EXAMINATION AWWA Manual M12 Simplified Procedures, 184 Waste Handling, 187 Chapter 23 Nitrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Purpose of Test, 189 List of Simplified Methods, 189 Sample Collection/Preservation, 189 Simplified Procedures, 190 Waste Handling, 192 Chapter 24 Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . 193 Purpose of Test, 193 List of Simplified Methods, 193 Sample Collection/Preservation, 194 Simplified Procedure, 194 Waste Handling, 196 Chapter 25 Ozone (Residual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Purpose of Test, 197 List of Simp

34、lified Methods, 197 Sample Collection/Preservation, 197 Simplified Procedure, 198 Waste Handling, 200 Chapter 26 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Purpose of Test, 201 List of Simplified Methods, 201 Sample Co

35、llection/Preservation, 201 Simplified Procedure, 202 Waste Handling, 203 Chapter 27 Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Purpose of Test, 205 List of Simplified Methods, 205 Sample Collection/Preservation, 206 Simplifie

36、d Procedures, 206 Waste Handling, 212 Chapter 28 Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Purpose of Test, 213 List of Simplified Methods, 213 Sample Collection/Preservation, 213 Simplified Procedure, 214 Waste Handl

37、ing, 216 Chapter 29 Sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Purpose of Test, 217 List of Simplified Methods, 217 Sample Collection/Preservation, 217 Simplified Procedure, 218 Waste Handling, 219 Chapter 30 Solids (Disso

38、lved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Purpose of Test, 221 List of Simplified Methods, 221 Sample Collection/Preservation, 221 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vii CONTENTS AWWA Manual M12 Simplified Pr

39、ocedure, 222 Waste Handling, 223 Chapter 31 Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Purpose of Test, 225 List of Simplified Methods, 225 Sample Collection/Preservation, 225 Simplified Procedure, 226 Waste Handling, 228

40、 Chapter 32 Sulfide (Total) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Purpose of Test, 229 List of Simplified Methods, 229 Sample Collection/Preservation, 229 Simplified Procedures, 230 Waste Handling, 234 Chapter 33 Temperature . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Purpose of Test, 235 List of Simplified Methods, 235 Simplified Procedure, 235 Waste Handling, 237 Chapter 34 Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . 239 Purpose of Test, 239 List of Simplified Methods, 239 Sample Collection and Storage, 240 Simplified Procedure, 240 Waste Handling, 242 Chapter 35 UV-Absorbing Organic Constituents (UV-254) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Purpose of Test, 243 List of Simplified Methods

43、, 244 Sample Collection/Preservation, 244 Simplified Procedure, 244 Waste Handling, 247 Appendix A Sampling Guidance: Containers, Preservatives, and Holding Times For Selected Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Appendix B Preparation of Common Types of Reagents and Solutions

44、. . . . . . . . . 253 Appendix C Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Appendix D List of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Appendix E References and Other Sources of Informat

45、ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Glossary of Terms, 273 Index, 277 Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank. Copyright 2014 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Ideal crop marks ix AWWA Manual M12 Figures 1-1 M

46、aterial safety data sheets/safety data sheets, 9 1-2 Plant information and safety center, 9 1-3 Right-to-know information, 10 1-4 First-aid station, 10 1-5 Safety shower and eyewash stations, 11 1-6 Fume hood, 12 1-7 Safe storage and labeling for fume hood, 12 1-8 Personal safety equipment, 14 1-9 L

47、aboratory safety essentials, 14 1-10 Beakers, 15 1-11 Varieties of flasks, 16 1-12 Graduated cylinder, 17 1-13 Transfer (volumetric) and measuring pipettes, 17 1-14 Pipette bulb, 17 1-15 Autozeroing burette plus conventional burette, stand, and clamp, 18 1-16 Reading of meniscus, 19 1-17 Automatic p

48、ipette, 19 1-18 Dispenser bottle top, 20 1-19 Amperometric titrator, 20 1-20 Digital titrator, 21 1-21 Bottles commonly used in the laboratory, 21 1-22 Crucibles, 22 1-23 Funnels, 22 1-24 Petri dish, 23 1-25 Test tubes and storage rack, 23 1-26 Aspirator, 24 1-27 Desiccators, 25 1-28 Analytical bala

49、nce, 25 1-29 Balance table, 26 1-30 Top-loading balance, 26 1-31 Autoclave, 27 1-32 Microscope, 28 1-33 Muffle furnace, 28 1-34 Oven, 28 1-35 Vacuum pump, 29 1-36 Membrane filter apparatus, 29 1-37 Conductivity meter (or bridge), 30 1-38 Jar-testing equipment, 30 1-39 pH meter setup in a laboratory, 31 1-40 Turbidimeter, 31 1-41 Color comparison kit with color wheels for several analyses, 32 1-42 Color comparison kit with a photometer, 33 1-43 Colorimeter, 34 1-44 Spectrophotometer, 34 1-45 Cuvettes, 35 1-46 Hot plate (left) and hot block (right), 35 Copyright 2