ASTM F1148-2011 Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment.pdf

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1、Designation: F1148 11Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification forHome Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi

2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety re-quirements for various types of home playground equipmentintended for use b

3、y children aged from over eighteen monthsthrough 10 years. It further provides such requirements forswings intended specifically for toddlers. Different age limitsfor various requirements are found in this specification. Theselimits reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mentalor physica

4、l ability, or both, of the child to cope with thehazards.1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any productin which the support structure remains stationary while theactivity is taking place and is intended for a child to performany of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding,rocki

5、ng, spinning, crawling, or creeping, or combinationthereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unlessattached to the play equipment. This specification is notintended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but notlimited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures, beds, or furni-ture (inclu

6、ding outdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradlerockers, activity centers being used as walker substitutes,bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specificallydesigned for therapeutic use). This specification is not intendedto apply to equipment to be used in places of public assemblys

7、uch as schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks. Equip-ment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes isnot exempt from the requirements of this specification. Suchcenters are defined as situations in which the child-careprovider does not care for more than six children under the

8、ageof ten that are not residing in the household of the caregiver,and the total number of children under the age of ten does notexceed ten, including the caregivers own children. Electricallyoperated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from therequirements of this specification.1.3 Methods

9、of identifying products that comply with thisconsumer safety specification are given. The illustrations ofhome playground equipment shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.4 are forinformational purposes only and are not intended to limit orendorse certain types of playground equipment or equipmentfeatures. These il

10、lustrations are not intended to limit the varietyor various combinations of equipment that are covered by thisconsumer safety specification.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce thelikelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attached

11、to homeplayground equipment, they are applicable to this consumersafety specification and to any other applicable safety stan-dards.NOTE 1See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this con-sumer safety performance specification.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas stan

12、dard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This consumer safety performance specification in-cludes the following sections:Scope Section 1Referenced Documents Section 2Terminology Section 3Ma

13、terials and Manufacture Section 4General Requirements Section 5Performance Requirements Section 6Requirements for Access Section 7Equipment Section 8Equipment Layout Section 9Installation Section 10Structural Integrity Section 11Maintenance Section 12Labeling Section 13Information Signage and Labels

14、 Section 14Keywords Section 152. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F

15、15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.09 onHome Playground Equipment.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published October 2012. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1148 09. DOI:10.1520/F1148-11.2For referenced ASTM standard

16、s, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1

17、9428-2959, United States.2.2 Federal Standards:16 CFR 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and CertainConsumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint316 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, in-cluding sections:31500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpPoint in Toys and Other Arti

18、cles Intended for Use byChildren Under 8 Years of Age1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpMetal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intendedfor Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age1500.52 and .53 Test Methods for Simulating Use andAbuse of Toys and Other Articles Intended for U

19、se byChildren16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and OtherArticles Intended for Use by Children Under 3 Years ofAge Which Present Choking, Aspiration, or IngestionHazards Because of Small Parts3Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 21842.3 Society for Automotive Engineers Recommended Prac-ti

20、ce:5SAE J211 Instrumentation for Barrier Collision3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accessible, adjrelating to a part or portion of theplayground equipment that can be contacted by any body part.3.1.2 anchors, naccessories used to minimize possibletipping of the

21、equipment, or lifting of the support legs.3.1.3 completely bounded opening, nany opening in apiece of play equipment that is totally enclosed by boundarieson all sides so that the perimeter of the opening is continuous.3.1.4 completely bounded non-rigid opening, nany open-ing in a piece of equipment

22、 that is totally enclosed byboundaries which can deform or deflect during normal use (forexample, the openings in a flexible net or lattice of webbing).3.1.5 conspicuous, adjdescribes a label that is visible,when the unit is in the manufacturers recommended useposition, to a person standing near the

23、 unit at any one positionaround the unit but not necessarily visible from all positions.3.1.6 continuous surface, na surface smooth to the extentthat no hazard such as a catch point for clothing or sharpedge/sharp point is created.3.1.7 crush and shear point, njuncture at which the usercould suffer

24、contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, orfracture during use of the playground equipment.3.1.8 edge, sharp6, nan edge that can cut a users skin.3.1.8.1 DiscussionAn edge is judged as sharp pursuant tothe provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.49.3.1.9 entanglement, ncondition in which the usersclot

25、hes or something around the users neck becomes caught orentwined on a component of playground equipment.3.1.10 entrapment, nany condition which impedes with-drawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening.3.1.11 fall height, nvertical distance between a designatedplay surface and the pr

26、otective surfacing beneath it.3.1.12 guardrail, na guardrail is a device around anelevated surface that is intended to prevent inadvertent fallsfrom the elevated surface.3.1.13 hand grasping component, na component intendedto be grasped by the hand to steady a user (such as a handrail).3.1.14 hand g

27、ripping component, na component intendedto be gripped by the hand to support the full body weight (suchas a rung of a horizontal ladder or trapeze bar).3.1.15 handrail, nthe structural member that helps a childsteady himself. As used in this consumer safety performancespecification, a handrail is th

28、e structural member at the top ofa slide that helps a child steady himself while he sits down (seeFig. A1.1).3.1.16 platform, nany elevated horizontal surface in-tended to be used by children as a place for play or as atransition between components. Slide transition areas 200 in.2are not considered

29、platforms.3.1.17 point, sharp7, npoint that can puncture or laceratea users skin.3.1.17.1 DiscussionA point is judged as sharp pursuant tothe provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.48.3.1.18 projection, na condition that due to its physicalnature must be tested to the requirements of this standard todete

30、rmine whether it is a protrusion or entanglement hazard, orboth.3.1.19 protective barrier, nenclosing device around anelevated surface that prevents both inadvertent and deliberateattempts to pass through the device.3.1.20 protrusion, na projection which, when tested inaccordance with requirements o

31、f this standard, is found to be ahazard having the potential to cause serious bodily injury to auser who impacts it.3.1.21 rung, na cross-piece in a ladder or other climbingequipment used for supporting the users feet or grasping bythe users hands, or both. A rung must comply with 6.10 forhand-gripp

32、ing components.3.1.22 small part, na component that may become de-tached during use of the playground equipment and presents achoking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard to a child. Such acomponent is determined to be a hazard pursuant to theprovisions of 16 CFR 1501.3.1.23 toddler swing, na fully encl

33、osed single occupantswing intended for young children who can sit upright unaided.A seat is considered fully enclosed when a containment systemis employed that supports the child on all sides and in betweenthe legs (see Fig. A1.5).3Available from Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC202

34、07.4Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 7th St.SW, Washington, DC 20590.5Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.6A sharp edge tester suitable for conducting tests in accordance with the Federalregulation at 16 CF

35、R Section 1500.49 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415Park Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Engineering drawings from which a sharp edgetester may be fabricated are available from the Office of the Secretary, ConsumerProduct Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.7A sharp point tester for condu

36、cting tests in accordance with the Federalregulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.48 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415Park Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. An engineering drawing from which a sharppoint tester may be fabricated is available from the Office of the Secretary,Consumer Products Safety

37、Commission, Washington, DC 20207.F1148 1123.1.24 toy accessory, nan article that provides certainplay value separate from, but attached to or sold with, homeplayground equipment intended for play-time use by a child.Such articles include miniature imitations for play use ofobjects intended primarily

38、 for a specific purpose (for example,a toy telephone or a toy gas pump).3.1.25 turnbar, nthe horizontal bar between the support-ing legs of a swing set, such as the one shown in Fig. A1.1.3.1.26 use zone, nthe area beneath and immediatelyadjacent to a play structure or equipment that is designated f

39、orunrestricted circulation around the equipment, and on whosesurface it is predicted that a user would land when falling orexiting the equipment.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 GeneralHome playground equipment shall be manu-factured and constructed only of materials that have a demon-strated durabil

40、ity in an outdoor setting.Any new materials shallbe documented or tested accordingly for durability by theplayground equipment manufacturer or their agent.4.1.1 Metals subject to structural degradation such as by rustor corrosion shall be painted, galvanized, or otherwise treated.Woods shall be natu

41、rally rot- and insect-resistant or treated toavoid such deterioration. Creosote, pentachlorophenol, tributyltin oxide, and surface coatings that contain pesticides shall notbe used for playground equipment. Wood treaters and play-ground equipment manufacturers shall practice technologiesand procedur

42、es that minimize the level of dislodgeable toxin.Plastics and other materials that experience ultraviolet (UV)degradation shall be stabilized against ultraviolet light.4.1.2 Regardless of the material or the treatment process,the manufacturer shall ensure that the users of the playgroundequipment ca

43、nnot ingest, inhale, or absorb any potentialhazardous amounts of substances through body surfaces as aresult of contact with the equipment.4.1.3 Lead in PaintAll paints and finishes used on play-ground equipment shall be in accordance with 16 CFR 1303.5. General Requirements5.1 Applicable to All Hom

44、e Playground EquipmentPlayground equipment represented as complying with thisvoluntary consumer safety performance specification shallmeet all applicable requirements specified herein. Anyonerepresenting compliance with this consumer safety perfor-mance specification shall keep such essential record

45、s as arenecessary to document his claim that the requirements withinthis consumer safety specification have been met.5.1.1 No item of playground equipment shall indicate, bylabel or other means, conformance with this specificationunless it conforms to all requirements contained herein. Thefollowing

46、statement is suggested for use in identifying aproduct that conforms to all requirements in this specification:5.1.2 “This conforms to ASTM F1148, Consumer SafetyPerformance Specification for Home Playground Equipment.”5.2 Small PartsWhen installed in accordance with themanufacturers instructions, e

47、quipment for children under 3years of age shall meet the requirements of 16 CFR 1501.5.3 Each item of playground equipment shall be perma-nently marked in a conspicuous location with the name andaddress (city, state, and zip code) of the manufacturer, distribu-tor, or seller.NOTE 2A rationale for pr

48、ovisions in this consumer safety perfor-mance specification is given in Appendix X2.6. Performance Requirements6.1 Head and Neck EntrapmentHome playground equip-ment shall be designed and constructed so that when assembledany accessible opening shall meet the following performancerequirements to red

49、uce the risk of accidental head or neckentrapment by either a head first or feet first entry into theopening. Openings between the ground and the bottom edge ofthe equipment (such as rails, platforms, steps, etc.) are exemptfrom this requirement as illustrated in Fig. A1.6.6.1.1 Accessible OpeningsAny completely boundedopening that completely accepts the torso test probe. Acompletely bounded opening is accessible when a torso testprobe may be inserted into the opening to a depth of 4 in. (100mm) using the following test method (see Fig.