ASTM E1916-2011 Standard Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals《混合金属识别的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1916 11Standard Guide forIdentification of Mixed Lots of Metals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1916; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth

2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the identification or segregation, orboth, of mixed metal lots under plant conditions using trainedplant personnel.1.2 The identificat

3、ion is not intended to have the accuracyand reliability of procedures performed in a laboratory usinglaboratory equipment under optimum conditions, and per-formed by trained chemists or technicians. The identification isnot intended to establish whether a given piece or lot of metalmeets specificati

4、ons.1.3 Segregation of certain metal combinations is not alwayspossible with procedures provided in this guide and can besubject to errors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to

5、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE135 Ter

6、minology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE977 Practice for Thermoelectric Sorting of ElectricallyConductive Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E1354. Significance and Use4.1 Equipment and

7、 procedures described in this guide arecomparative methods and are intended for identification orsegregation, or both, of pieces or lots of metals that were mixedor lost their identity during certain manufacturing operations. Itis presumed that all pieces or lots of metal have beenpreviously checked

8、 and did meet applicable specifications.4.2 The equipment and procedures described in this guidemay also be suitable for identifying or segregating, or both,scrap metals.5. Equipment5.1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopic or Spectrometric Equip-ment:5.1.1 Bench type spectroscopes generally with two sample

9、tables and a split viewing field where the spectrum of theunknown piece can be visually and directly compared to that ofa piece of identified metal.5.1.2 Mobile spectrometric equipment with a remote sam-pling device. Two types of such units are described in 5.1.2.1and 5.1.2.2.5.1.2.1 Units where the

10、 particles removed by an arc or sparkin the remote sampling device are conveyed to the main unit ina stream of inert gas and analyzed in the unit with an arc, spark,or plasma.5.1.2.2 Units where the light generated from the arc or sparkat the remote sampling device is conveyed to the main unitwith f

11、iberoptics, where it is analyzed.(a) These units generally are programmed to produce anoutput that: (1) shows the designation of the alloy, (2) gives theapproximate elemental composition of the alloy, or (3) gives a“go” or “no-go” indication based on parameters programmedby the operator.(b) These un

12、its require careful calibration and depend on thequality and range of the reference materials used for thecalibration.5.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometric Equipment:5.2.1 The portable and mobile units are supplied with asource of radiation that can be an X-ray tube or radioactiveisotopes, generally

13、a mixture of two or more isotopes toprovide a larger spectrum coverage.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.Current edition approved S

14、ept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1916-97 (2004). DOI:10.1520/E1916-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar

15、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.1.1 These units are generally programmed to produce anoutput that: (1) shows the designation o

16、f the alloy, (2) gives theapproximate elemental composition of the alloy, or (3) gives a“go” or “no-go” indication based on parameters programmedby the operator (see 5.1.2.2(b).5.3 Miscellaneous Sorting Instruments:5.3.1 All instruments based on comparative methods requirecareful calibration with ap

17、propriate reference materials.5.3.2 Thermoelectric ComparatorsInstruments are basedon the Seeback Effect. These instruments are not for identifi-cation of alloys, but for segregation of one metal alloy fromanother (see Practice E977).5.3.3 Eddy-current InstrumentationThese instruments arenot for ide

18、ntification of alloys, but for segregation of identicalpieces of metal of identical shape and size based on theirmetallurgical condition or alloy composition under certaincircumstances.5.4 Non-Instrumental Sorting Equipment:5.4.1 GrinderHigh speed bench or portable grindstonesare frequently used for

19、 rough identification and sorting ofmetals by observation of the shape and color of the generatedspark.5.4.2 Drill Pressfor identification of drill cuttings bycomparison to a master set.5.4.3 Magnetfor separation of magnetic and non-magnetic alloys.5.4.4 Laboratory Equipment for Chemical SpotChecksA

20、s required, generally eye-droppers, small reagentbottles, spot plates, etc., are used. All of the laboratoryequipment used, such as plastic bottles, eye-droppers, etc.,shall be unbreakable.6. Reagents6.1 Chemical reagents are required if chemical spot checksare used in the identification of metal al

21、loys, or for segregationof one alloy or one alloy group from another alloy or alloygroup. The list and makeup of the reagents is given inprocedures used. (Several procedures are provided in the ASMMetals Handbook3and the Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis.4)6.2 There are several Spot-test kits on the

22、market thatsupply the necessary reagents.5In most cases the reagents areidentified only as Solution #1, Solution #2, etc.7. Reference Materials7.1 Where the equipment or the procedure requires calibra-tion, the reference materials used should be reliable andappropriate to their usage.7.2 No referenc

23、e material should be used that was identifiedor analyzed on the same piece or type of equipment it isintended to calibrate.7.3 Reference materials used for X-ray fluorescence, ther-moelectric, or eddy-current instruments should not only havethe appropriate chemical composition, but also have appropr

24、i-ate metallurgical properties.7.3.1 Where the reference materials are to be used tocalibrate instruments based on eddy-current, the size and shapeof the reference sample should be identical in size and shape tothe test pieces.7.4 Reference materials should also be used for chemicalspot checks. They

25、 should have a considerable surface area, andthe surface finish should match that of the pieces to be tested.8. Hazards8.1 When using grinding wheels, regardless of whether theyare used for surface preparation or for identification of metalsby spark testing, proper eye protection should be used at a

26、lltimes.8.2 Manufacturers safety instructions regarding spectro-scopic, spectrometric, and other equipment using electriccurrent should be carefully followed.8.2.1 Proper grounding is especially important for electricalequipment used under plant conditions.8.2.2 Wet floor conditions should be consid

27、ered.8.3 Reagents involved in spot tests can be highly reactive,and proper hand and eye protection shall be provided and used.8.3.1 In case of commercially sold spot test solutions, thereagents are not identified by the chemical name and concen-tration in many cases. The MSDSs that came with the rea

28、gentsshould be carefully studied, and safety precautions followed.8.3.2 A special warning shall be given for HF and solutionscontaining fluorides. Safety precautions (Practices E50) shouldbe followed.9. Procedure9.1 Actual identification and sorting procedures will dependon the instrument used in th

29、e case of spectroscopic, spectro-metric, thermoelectric, or eddy-current methods, or the chemi-cal reactions involved in the chemical spotchecks.9.2 Carefully follow instructions for instrumental and non-instrumental sorting and carefully and thoroughly train em-ployees using the procedures in the p

30、roper use of the equip-ment.9.2.1 Consider equipment limitations at all times, and do notexceed limitations.9.3 In the case of instruments where the readout is in theform of an alloy name or code, carefully check the calibrationwith several reference materials for each alloy. The referencematerials

31、used for the calibration should not be used for thischeck.9.4 Run reference materials at frequent intervals during allidentification and segregation operations.9.5 The surface of the reference materials and samplesshould be free from contamination, including oxidation, to giveinterference free resul

32、ts. Surface preparation using a grinder isoften required.9.6 Surface preparation using grinders can considerablyalter the results of chemical spot checks because of theincreased surface area due to grooves caused by the grinder andthe increased speed of the chemical reaction due to increased3ASM Met

33、als Handbook Series, Vol 11 Failure Analysis and Prevention,available from ASM International, 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH44073-0002, www.asminternational.org.4Fiegel, F., Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis, 6th Ed., 1988, Elsevier Science, 655Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010, .5Spo

34、t-test kits are available from Koslow Scientific Co., 172 Walkers Lane,Englewood, NJ 07631, .E1916 112temperature caused by the grinding operation. If the surface ofthe samples is ground, the surface of the reference materialsshould be ground at the same time.9.7 The identification can range from a

35、small percentage to100 %, depending on several factors, such as:9.7.1 The end use of the material,9.7.2 Agreement between buyer and seller if the material isbeing sold,9.7.3 The type of alloy contamination, and9.7.4 Value of the material.9.8 If compliance to a specification of the segregatedmaterial

36、 is required, sampling and quantitative testing andcertification of the segregated lot shall be performed indepen-dently of procedures performed in accordance with this guide.9.9 When segregation of materials is performed, identifiedand segregated material should be appropriately marked andpreferabl

37、y placed in identified containers.10. Report10.1 Usually no laboratory type reports are issued foridentification or segregation, or both, of mixed metal lots.10.2 If a report is issued, it should clearly state the type ofidentification or segregation operation the report is based on. Italso should s

38、tate that this is not a laboratory report.10.3 If certification to a certain specification is required,separate sampling and quantitative testing shall be performedas stated in 9.8.11. Keywords11.1 chemical spot test; eddy-current; identification; segre-gation; sorting; spectrometric; spectroscopic;

39、 thermoelectricASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of s

40、uch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for add

41、itional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to t

42、he ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E1916 113