ASTM E1732-2011 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science《法医学标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1732 11Standard TerminologyRelating to Forensic Science1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientificterms that are generally understood or defined ade

3、quately inother readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every fiveyears, and the year of last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstanda

4、rds organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.21.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field areidentified with an abbr

5、eviation.32. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing

6、 by InterlaboratoryComparisonsE1402 Guide for Sampling Design2.2 ISO Standards:5ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsPart 1: Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2: Statistical Quality ControlISO 8402:1994 Quality Management and QualityAssuranceVocabularyISO 9000:2000 (E) Sta

7、ndard Quality ManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality ManagementSystemsFundamentals and VocabularyISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relatingto Standardizing ActivitiesISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference MaterialsISO

8、 GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty inMeasurement (GUM)ISO VIM International Vocabulary of Basic and GeneralTerms in Metrology (VIM)2.3 Other Sources:EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Meth-ods, EURACHEM Working Group, English EditionIAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Che

9、mical andInstrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI ForensicScience Committee6IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Ter-minology, Second Edition, 19973. Significance and Use3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensicsciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definition

10、s wereused in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy isas follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 onTerminology.Current edition

11、approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1732 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1732-11.2Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM SubcommitteeE30.92.3Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned docu

12、-ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology,ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the

13、standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators, Inc.(IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Av

14、enue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, http:/.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions.7The subcommittee developed a suitable definition afterall of the sources in t

15、he hierarchy were found wanting.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerant, nany material used to initiate or promote thespread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is anaccelerant depends not on its chemical structure but on itsuse. IAAI Gl

16、ossaryaccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand the accepted reference value. E177DISCUSSION(1) In practice, the accepted reference value is substi-tuted for the true value.(1) The term 9accuracy,9 when applied to a set of test or measurementresults, involves a combination of ra

17、ndom components and a commonsystematic error or bias component.(3) Accuracy refers to a combination of trueness and precision.ISO 3534:1993 (E/F)associative evidence, nthat evidence which tends to link aperson, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing.calibration, nthe set of operations

18、that establishes, underspecified conditions, the relationship between values indi-cated by a measuring instrument or measuring system orvalues represented by a material, and the correspondingknown values of measurement.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certif

19、icate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified by a procedure that establishes traceabil-ity to an accurate realization of the unit in which the propertyvalues are expressed, and for which each certified value isaccompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of confi-denceDISCUSSION(1) CR

20、Ms are generally prepared in batches for whichthe property values are determined within stated uncertainty limits bymeasurement on samples representative of the whole batch.(2) The certified properties of reference materials are sometimesconveniently and reliably realized when the material is incorp

21、oratedinto a specially fabricated device, for example, a substance of knowntriple-point into a triple-point cell; a glass of known optical density intoa transmission filter; spheres of uniform particle size mounted on amicroscope slide. Such devices may also be considered as CRMs.(3) All CRMs lie wi

22、thin the definition of measurement standards oretalons given in the International Vocabulary of Basic and GeneralTerms in Metrology (ISO VIM).(4) Some RMs and CRMs have properties which, because theycannot be correlated with an established chemical structure or for otherreasons, cannot be determined

23、 by exactly defined physical and chemi-cal measurement methods. Such materials include certain biologicalmaterials such as vaccines to which an International unit has beenassigned by the World Health Organization.E135, E1301, ISO Guide 30:1992 (E/F), ISO VIMchain of custody, nprocedures and document

24、s that accountfor the possession of a sample by tracking its handling andstorage from its point of collection to its final disposition.class, na group, set or kind marked by common attributes ora common attribute. Websters Unabridged Dictionary8class characteristic(s), nthe attribute(s) that establi

25、sh mem-bership in a class.classification, nthe systematic arrangement of persons orobjects into categories (groups or classes) based on sharedtraits or characteristics. Osterburg and Ward,9p. 835comparison sample, n(fire debris) (1) a sample of materialcollected from a fire scene which is, to the be

26、st of theinvestigators knowledge, identical in every respect to asample suspected of containing ignitable substance, butwhich does not contain ignitable substance; (2) a sample ofsuspected ignitable substance submitted for the purpose ofcomparing with any ignitable substance separated from adebris s

27、ample.control, nmaterial of established origin that is used toevaluate the performance of a test or comparison.criminalistics, na brance of forensic science concerned withthe examination and interpretation of physical evidence, forthe purpose of aiding forensic investigation.exemplar, na specimen of

28、 physical evidence of knownorigin. Osterburg and Ward,9p. 837expanded uncertainty (U), nquantity defining an intervalabout a result of a measurement that may be expected toencompass a large fraction of the distribution of values thatcould reasonably be attributed to the measurand.DISCUSSION(1) The f

29、raction may be regarded as the coverageprobability or level of confidence of the interval.(2) To associate a specific level of confidence with the intervaldefined by the expanded uncertainty requires explicit or implicitassumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by themeasureme

30、nt result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level ofconfidence that may be attributed to this interval can be known only tothe extent to which such assumptions can be justified.(3) An expanded uncertainty U is calculated from a combinedstandard uncertainty uc and coverage factor k using:U 5

31、 k 3 ucISO GUM, EURACHEMfalse positive, na test result that states that a drug is presentwhen, in fact, such a drug is not present in an amount greaterthan a threshold or designated cut-off concentration.known, nof established origin associated with the matterunder investigation.limit of detection,

32、nthe lowest content that can be measuredwith reasonable statistical certainty.EURACHEMprocedure, nspecified way to perform an activity.ISO 8402:1994proficiency testing, ndetermination of laboratory testingperformance by means of interlaboratory test comparisons.ISO Guide 2quality assurance, nall the

33、 planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality system, and demonstrated asneeded, to provide adequate confidence that an entity will7ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-tions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.8Websters Unabridged Dictionary, 1967

34、, s.v. “class.”9Osterburg J.W., and Ward, R.H., Criminal Investigation: A Method forReconstructing the Past, Anderson Pub. Co.: Cincinnati, OH: 1992.E1732 112fulfill requirements for quality. ISO Guide 2quality audit, nsystematic and independent examination todetermine whether quality activities and

35、 related resultscomply with planned arrangements and whether these ar-rangements are implemented effectively and are suitable toachieve objectives. ISO 8402:1994, 3.10quality manual, na document stating the quality policy,quality system and quality practices of an organization.questioned, nassociate

36、d with the matter under investigationabout which there is some question, including, but notlimited to, whether the questioned and known items have acommon origin.reference material, na material or substance, one or more ofwhose property values are sufficiently homogeneous andwell established to be u

37、sed for the calibration of an appara-tus, the assessment of a measurement method, or forassigning values to materials.E1301, E456, ISO Guide 30reproducibility, nthe closeness of agreement between testresults obtained under reproducibility conditions (that is,conditions under which test results are o

38、btained with thesame test method on identical material in different laborato-ries). E1301, E456samplea group of items, test results or portions of material,taken from a large collection of items, test results or portionsof material, which serves to provide information that may beused as a basis for

39、making a decision concerning the largercollection. E456sampleone or more sampling units taken from a popula-tion and intended to provide information on the population.ISO 3534:1993sampling, n(the) process of drawing or constituting asample. E1402, ISO 3534:1993selectivity, n(1) (qualitative): the ex

40、tent to which othersubstances interfere with the determination of a substanceaccording to a given procedure; (2) (quantitative): a termused in conjunction with another substantive (for example,constant, coefficient, index, factor, number) for the quanti-tative characterization of interferences. EURA

41、CHEM,IUPAC Terminologystandard, nmaterial of established origin with certifiedproperties.test, ndetermination of one or more characteristics accordingto a procedure. ISO 9000:2005 (E)test method, ndefined technical procedure to determine oneor more specified characteristics of a material or product.

42、ISO Guide 2.Atraceabilitythe ability to trace the history, application, orlocation of an item or activity and like items or activities bymeans of recorded identification.traceabilityProperty of the result of a measurement orvalue of a standard whereby it can be related with a stateduncertainty, to s

43、tated references, usually national or interna-tional standards (that is, through an unbroken chain ofcomparisons). EURACHEM, ISO Guide 30:1992, 3.8validation, nconfirmation by examination and provision ofobjective evidence that the particular requirements for aspecific intended use are fulfilled.DIS

44、CUSSIONConfirmation, through the provision of objective evi-dence, that the requirements for a specific intended use or applicationhave been fulfilled. (1) The term “validated” is used to designate thecorresponding status. (2) The use conditions for validation can be realor simulated. ISO 8402:1994,

45、 ISO 9000:2000ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su

46、ch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi

47、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to th

48、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E1732 113