ASTM D4716-2008 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《使用恒定压头测定土工合成织物(在平面.pdf
《ASTM D4716-2008 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《使用恒定压头测定土工合成织物(在平面.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM D4716-2008 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head《使用恒定压头测定土工合成织物(在平面.pdf(10页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: D 4716 08Standard Test Method forDetermining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width andHydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using aConstant Head1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe flow ra
3、te per unit width within the manufactured plane ofgeosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and aconstant head. The test is intended primarily as an index testbut can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulicgradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by theuser to
4、 model anticipated field conditions.1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allowcontinuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intendeddirection of flow.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in parentheses are provided forinfor
5、mation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
6、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextilesby PermittivityD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 6574 Test Method f
7、or Determining the (In-Plane) Hy-draulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geocomposite, na product fabricated from any com-bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or othersynthetics which is used in a geotechnical application.(D 4439)3.
8、1.2 geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrallyconnected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at variousangles for planar drainage of liquids or gases. (D 4439)3.1.3 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical e
9、ngineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. (D 4439)3.1.4 geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methodsand engineering principals to the acquisition, interpretation,and use of knowledge of material of the earths crust to thesolution of engineerin
10、g problems.3.1.4.1 DiscussionGeotechnics embraces the fields of soilmechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineeringaspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-ences. (D 4439)3.1.5 geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles. (D 4439)3.1.6 gravity flow, nfl
11、ow in a direction parallel to theplane of a geosynthetic driven predominantly by a difference inelevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe pressure at the outflow is consid-ered to be atmospheric. (D 4439)3.1.7 head (static), nthe height above a standard datum
12、 ofthe surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can besupported by a static pressure at a given point. The static headis the sum of the elevation head and the pressure head.(D 5092)3.1.8 hydraulic gradient, i, nthe loss of hydraulic headper unit distance of flow, dh/dL. (D 4439)3.1.9 hydr
13、aulic transmissivity, u (L2T1), nfor a geosyn-thetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width of specimen perunit gradient in a direction parallel to the plane of thespecimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
14、ittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 4716 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
15、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9.1 Discussion“transmissivity” is technically appli-cable
16、 only to saturated, laminar hydraulic flow conditions (seeAppendix X1). (D 4439)3.1.10 in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a directionparallel to the plane of a geosynthetic. (D 4439)3.1.11 index test, na test procedure that may containknown bias but which may be used to establish an order for as
17、et of specimens with respect to the property of interest.(D 4439)3.1.12 laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss isproportional to the first power of the velocity. (D 4439)3.1.13 normal stress (FL2), nthe component of appliedstress that is perpendicular to the surface on which the forceacts. (D 44
18、39)3.1.14 performance test, na test that simulates in thelaboratory as closely as practical selected conditions experi-enced in the field and which can be used in design. (D 4439)3.1.15 pressure flow, nflow in a direction parallel to theplane of a geosynthetic driven predominantly by a differentialf
19、luid pressure. (D 4439)3.1.16 turbulent flow, nthat type of flow in which anywater particle may move in any direction with respect to anyother particle, and in which the head loss is approximatelyproportional to the second power of the velocity. (D 4439)3.1.17 For definitions of terms relating to ge
20、osynthetics,refer to Terminology D 4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 steady flow, nflow conditions that do not vary withtime.3.2.2 uniform flow, nconditions where the flow area andthe mean velocity in the direction of flow are constant.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The flo
21、w rate per unit width is determined by measuringthe quantity of water that passes through a test specimen in aspecific time interval under a specific normal stress and aspecific hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient(s) andspecimen contact surfaces are selected by the user either as anindex test
22、 or as a performance test to model a given set of fieldparameters as closely as possible. Measurements may berepeated under increasing normal stresses selected by the user.4.1.1 Hydraulic transmissivity should be determined onlyfor tests or for specific regions of tests that exhibit a linear flowrat
23、e per unit width versus gradient relationship, that is, laminarflow (see Appendix X1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or asa performance test used to determine and compare the flow rateper unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics underspeci
24、fic conditions.5.2 This test method may be used as an index test foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosyntheticsbut caution is advised since information on between-laboratoryprecision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative testsas directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.5.2.1 In ca
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