ASTM D217-2017 Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease《润滑脂针入度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D217 16D217 17Designation: 50/88Standard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover four proce

3、dures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a coneof specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2 classified greases according to their consistency as measure

4、d by the worked penetration.The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency NumberWorked Penetration Range,25 C (77 F)000 445 to 47500 400 to 4300 355 to 3851 310 to 3402 265 to 2953 220 to 2504 175 to 2055 130 to 1606 85 to 1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked

5、penetration are applicable to greases having penetrationsbetween 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000.An undisturbed penetration test,described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applica

6、ble to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usuallyhave penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do workedpenetrations. The latter are usually prefe

7、rred for inspecting lubricating greases.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration.Test Method D937 should be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI un

8、its as the primary unit of measure withequivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known,notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown inparenthese

9、s are provided for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations

10、 prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical

11、Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 These test methods are the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these test methods are under the ju

12、risdiction of the Standardization Committee. These test methods wereadopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016May 1, 2017. Published November 2016June 2017. Originally approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 20102016 asD217 10.16. DOI: 10.1520/D0217

13、-16.10.1520/D0217-17.2 National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO 64112-1596.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be t

14、echnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t

15、his standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter

16、and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree of resistance to movement under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used somewhat synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers to the worked penetrationof

17、 a grease.3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.3 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase sy

18、stem and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface tension and otherphysical forces. Other ingredients are commonly included to impart special properties.3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures the consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which

19、 a specified cone or needle under a given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standard penetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3 can be used to determine theconsistency of lubricating greases. The penetration force is determined by the mass of t

20、he cone and the shaft.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance composed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant to formthe products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain non-soap

21、thickeners) which areinsoluble or, at most, only very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general requirements are that the solid particles beextremely small, uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Te

22、rms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating grease, the penetration at 25 C (77 F) determined on the freshly prepared face ofa cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold its shape.3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth that the standard cone (se

23、e A1.1), enters the sample when released to fallunder its own weight for 5 s.3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designed to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the grease.3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, the penetration of a sample after it

24、 has been worked more than60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at a temperature of 15 C to 30 C (59 F to 86 F).3.2.4.1 Discussion3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume i

25、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D217 172After the prescribed number of double strokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25 C (77 F), worked an additional 60double strokes, and penetrated without delay.3.2.5 unworked penetration, nof lubricating grea

26、se, the penetration at 25 C (77 F) of a sample that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, the penetration at 25 C (77 F), without delay, of a sample after 60 doublestro

27、kes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7 working, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of a sample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) using a temperature bath. The sampleis then

28、 transferred with as little manipulation as possible into a worker cup (or other suitable container), if not placed there beforethe temperature stabilization step. The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed to drop freely into the greasefor 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are ma

29、de and averaged to give the reported result.4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and placed in the worker cup. The sampleis subjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The penetration is determined immediately by releasing the cone assemblyfrom the

30、penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made andaveraged to give the reported result.4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placed in the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number ofdouble strokes in the grease

31、 worker. Following completion of the prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly are broughtto 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and the grease is worked an additional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The penetrationis determined immediately by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer

32、and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is prepared by slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube of greaseis brought to 25 C 6 0.5 C (77

33、F 6 1 F) and placed on the penetrometer table with the prepared face upward. The penetrationis determined by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 5 s6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.5

34、. Significance and Use5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbersfrom 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test MethodD937 is aimed at petro

35、latums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-half scale equipment intended for usewhen the sample quantity is limited.5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are requiredto determine to which NLGI consiste

36、ncy grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluatingthe effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrationsobtained by the four procedures are

37、widely used for specification purposes, such as in users material specifications and suppliersmanufacturing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrument shall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. Asketch of a generic penetrometer is shown

38、in Fig. 1.6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2, is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone, inaccordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations less than 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure thepenetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.6.3

39、Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cover, and plunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed for eithermanual or mechanical operation.6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance with A1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10 doublestrokes per minute.6.3.2 Greas

40、e Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance with A1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for the working step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used for preparation of

41、 samples for block penetration.FIG. 1 PenetrometerD217 1736.5 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath temperature at 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F) and designed to bring theassembled grease worker to test temperature conveniently. Examples of suitable temperature baths include a water bath, air

42、 bath,constant temperature test room, or a temperature-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to be used for samples for unworkedpenetration, means should be provided for protecting the grease surface from water and for maintaining the air above the sampleat test temperature. An air bath is pref

43、erred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but a tightly sealed container placed ina water bath will suffice.6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nominally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length of ap

44、proximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter ofapproximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit through the vent cock). The temperature range of the device should be wideenough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approximately 38 C (100 F) without damage. The scale should have small eno

45、ughdivisions (or digital resolution) to allow the user to read60.5 C (61 F).Aspacer can be applied to the upper portion of the sheathto hold the tip just above the perforated plate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (see A1.3).6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8, is

46、 a useful device for catching grease scraped from the sample surfaceas well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone to overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to the worker cupfor subsequent testing.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example, lig

47、ht petroleum naphtha.7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from the penetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not to scratch the cone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.45 kg (1.1 lb) to overfill the cup of the standard grease worker is required. If thesample size

48、 is insufficient and penetration ranges from NLGI 0 to 4, use Test Method D1403.8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sample of the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, to permitcutting from it a 50 mm (2 in.) cube as a test specimen.8.2 Sample PreparationSamples are

49、prepared for the various cone penetration test methods as follows:8.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPrior to performing the test, the grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in theworker cup) and the test equipment (worker cup and cone) must all be at a standard temperature of 25 C 6 0.5 C (77 F 6 1 F).This can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath (6.5) or a combination of different temperature baths, It is important to allowsufficient time for the grease and test equipment to reach 25 C 6 0.5 C